{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402529753","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdata.2024.1387325","title":"Navigating pathways to automated personality prediction: a comparative study of small and medium language models","display_name":"Navigating pathways to automated personality prediction: a comparative study of small and medium language models","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-09-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402529753","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdata.2024.1387325","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39345825"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fdata.2024.1387325","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdata.2024.1387325","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/big-data/articles/10.3389/fdata.2024.1387325/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201220","display_name":"Frontiers in Big Data","issn_l":"2624-909X","issn":["2624-909X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Big Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/big-data/articles/10.3389/fdata.2024.1387325/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020174066","display_name":"Fatima Habib","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7031-8557"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201384688","display_name":"National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/003eyb898","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fatima Habib","raw_affiliation_strings":["FAST School of Management, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"FAST School of Management, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100740852","display_name":"Zeeshan Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5878-714X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124261462","display_name":"Oxford Brookes University","ror":"https://ror.org/04v2twj65","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124261462"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zeeshan Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oxford Brookes Business School, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oxford Brookes Business School, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124261462"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054407576","display_name":"Akbar Azam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1841-9366"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201384688","display_name":"National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/003eyb898","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Akbar Azam","raw_affiliation_strings":["FAST School of Management, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"FAST School of Management, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070108742","display_name":"Komal Kamran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2272-6765"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201384688","display_name":"National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/003eyb898","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Komal Kamran","raw_affiliation_strings":["FAST School of Management, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"FAST School of Management, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026944459","display_name":"Fahad Mansoor Pasha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1565-5662"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27589593","display_name":"Lahore School of Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/0175kt397","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27589593"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fahad Mansoor Pasha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Business Administration, Lahore School of Economics, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Business Administration, Lahore School of Economics, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27589593"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020174066"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201384688"],"apc_list":{"value":1285,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1285},"apc_paid":{"value":1285,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1285},"fwci":1.5034,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82128446,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":"1387325","last_page":"1387325"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11040","display_name":"Personality Traits and Psychology","score":0.53329998254776,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11040","display_name":"Personality Traits and Psychology","score":0.53329998254776,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12488","display_name":"Mental Health via Writing","score":0.16590000689029694,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12380","display_name":"Authorship Attribution and Profiling","score":0.016100000590085983,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personality","display_name":"Personality","score":0.5778217911720276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.46265655755996704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.41576752066612244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.40564921498298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.1670735776424408}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187288502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641118","display_name":"Personality","level":2,"score":0.5778217911720276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.46265655755996704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.41576752066612244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.40564921498298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.1670735776424408}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fdata.2024.1387325","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdata.2024.1387325","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/big-data/articles/10.3389/fdata.2024.1387325/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201220","display_name":"Frontiers in Big Data","issn_l":"2624-909X","issn":["2624-909X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Big Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39345825","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39345825","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in big data","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11427259","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11427259","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11427259/pdf/fdata-07-1387325.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Front Big Data","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:21ef488037b842d7be47fdebc5d8bf4c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/21ef488037b842d7be47fdebc5d8bf4c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Big Data, Vol 7 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fdata.2024.1387325","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdata.2024.1387325","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/big-data/articles/10.3389/fdata.2024.1387325/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201220","display_name":"Frontiers in Big Data","issn_l":"2624-909X","issn":["2624-909X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Big Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402529753.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402529753.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":133,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1973009476","https://openalex.org/W1973871257","https://openalex.org/W1987214354","https://openalex.org/W2012610990","https://openalex.org/W2071559616","https://openalex.org/W2101422898","https://openalex.org/W2104104529","https://openalex.org/W2106096361","https://openalex.org/W2111621157","https://openalex.org/W2115686068","https://openalex.org/W2118076585","https://openalex.org/W2137739415","https://openalex.org/W2140910804","https://openalex.org/W2153803020","https://openalex.org/W2154101027","https://openalex.org/W2154868463","https://openalex.org/W2162550956","https://openalex.org/W2182028357","https://openalex.org/W2186830126","https://openalex.org/W2286982342","https://openalex.org/W2340342336","https://openalex.org/W2344881265","https://openalex.org/W2529767699","https://openalex.org/W2544158810","https://openalex.org/W2559181347","https://openalex.org/W2565451271","https://openalex.org/W2599743206","https://openalex.org/W2617755227","https://openalex.org/W2750779823","https://openalex.org/W2763585929","https://openalex.org/W2768262152","https://openalex.org/W2783148606","https://openalex.org/W2784271235","https://openalex.org/W2801528372","https://openalex.org/W2806246579","https://openalex.org/W2807032982","https://openalex.org/W2807501546","https://openalex.org/W2894746719","https://openalex.org/W2896018557","https://openalex.org/W2901273918","https://openalex.org/W2902809085","https://openalex.org/W2908550758","https://openalex.org/W2914450979","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2921133574","https://openalex.org/W2942244239","https://openalex.org/W2944863334","https://openalex.org/W2948327568","https://openalex.org/W2948937448","https://openalex.org/W2960748659","https://openalex.org/W2965373594","https://openalex.org/W2967614692","https://openalex.org/W2969145558","https://openalex.org/W2970597249","https://openalex.org/W2970845521","https://openalex.org/W2975059944","https://openalex.org/W2978017171","https://openalex.org/W2981825257","https://openalex.org/W2986633458","https://openalex.org/W3017637887","https://openalex.org/W3027879771","https://openalex.org/W3037032032","https://openalex.org/W3089027026","https://openalex.org/W3089144192","https://openalex.org/W3089393278","https://openalex.org/W3096015486","https://openalex.org/W3097901707","https://openalex.org/W3103801168","https://openalex.org/W3104128335","https://openalex.org/W3105462247","https://openalex.org/W3117048717","https://openalex.org/W3136011634","https://openalex.org/W3149990268","https://openalex.org/W3165022283","https://openalex.org/W3166968540","https://openalex.org/W3172951206","https://openalex.org/W3176540316","https://openalex.org/W3196542228","https://openalex.org/W3205061027","https://openalex.org/W3211022409","https://openalex.org/W3212990991","https://openalex.org/W4200127990","https://openalex.org/W4206801982","https://openalex.org/W4213245422","https://openalex.org/W4225463525","https://openalex.org/W4285319950","https://openalex.org/W4287889735","https://openalex.org/W4293240908","https://openalex.org/W4294763282","https://openalex.org/W4300485781","https://openalex.org/W4304128365","https://openalex.org/W4310492983","https://openalex.org/W4311156453","https://openalex.org/W4313596849","https://openalex.org/W4317435386","https://openalex.org/W4318719086","https://openalex.org/W4319293546","https://openalex.org/W4321610465","https://openalex.org/W4322501513","https://openalex.org/W4323022586","https://openalex.org/W4361218220","https://openalex.org/W4362585614","https://openalex.org/W4366769817","https://openalex.org/W4375809538","https://openalex.org/W4378508789","https://openalex.org/W4380302203","https://openalex.org/W4385156310","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4385571011","https://openalex.org/W4385573752","https://openalex.org/W4385988359","https://openalex.org/W4388171606","https://openalex.org/W4389135814","https://openalex.org/W4391248695","https://openalex.org/W4399640955","https://openalex.org/W4404783303","https://openalex.org/W6632836313","https://openalex.org/W6682152738","https://openalex.org/W6694398157","https://openalex.org/W6713622516","https://openalex.org/W6720027848","https://openalex.org/W6753596666","https://openalex.org/W6755207826","https://openalex.org/W6761345506","https://openalex.org/W6763701032","https://openalex.org/W6771138017","https://openalex.org/W6772635170","https://openalex.org/W6776502544","https://openalex.org/W6782942446","https://openalex.org/W6790708521","https://openalex.org/W6850647138","https://openalex.org/W6851788583","https://openalex.org/W6858227589"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W4395014643"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Introduction:":[0],"Recent":[1],"advancements":[2],"in":[3,22,41,85],"Natural":[4],"Language":[5,31],"Processing":[6],"(NLP)":[7],"and":[8,54,115,133,174,198],"widely":[9],"available":[10],"social":[11],"media":[12],"data":[13,185],"have":[14,34],"made":[15],"it":[16,158],"possible":[17],"to":[18,111,164],"predict":[19],"human":[20],"personalities":[21],"various":[23],"computational":[24,49,141],"applications.":[25],"In":[26],"this":[27],"context,":[28],"pre-trained":[29],"Large":[30],"Models":[32],"(LLMs)":[33],"gained":[35],"recognition":[36],"for":[37,120],"their":[38,52],"exceptional":[39],"performance":[40],"NLP":[42],"benchmarks.":[43],"However,":[44],"these":[45],"models":[46,65,110],"require":[47],"substantial":[48],"resources,":[50],"escalating":[51],"carbon":[53],"water":[55],"footprint.":[56],"Consequently,":[57],"a":[58,72,79,102],"shift":[59],"toward":[60],"more":[61],"computationally":[62],"efficient":[63],"smaller":[64],"is":[66],"observed.":[67],"Methods:":[68],"This":[69,179],"study":[70,107,167],"compares":[71],"small":[73],"model":[74,195],"ALBERT":[75,147],"(11.8M":[76],"parameters)":[77,84],"with":[78,154],"larger":[80],"model,":[81],"RoBERTa":[82],"(125M":[83],"predicting":[86],"big":[87],"five":[88],"personality":[89],"traits.":[90],"It":[91],"utilizes":[92],"the":[93,140,181,188,192],"PANDORA":[94],"dataset":[95],"comprising":[96],"Reddit":[97],"comments,":[98],"processing":[99],"them":[100],"on":[101,128,187],"Tesla":[103],"P100-PCIE-16GB":[104],"GPU.":[105],"The":[106,166],"customized":[108],"both":[109],"support":[112],"multi-output":[113],"regression":[114,122],"added":[116],"two":[117],"linear":[118],"layers":[119],"fine-grained":[121],"analysis.":[123],"Results:":[124],"Results":[125],"are":[126,201],"evaluated":[127],"Mean":[129,135],"Squared":[130,136],"Error":[131,137],"(MSE)":[132],"Root":[134],"(RMSE),":[138],"considering":[139],"resources":[142],"consumed":[143,148],"during":[144],"training.":[145],"While":[146],"lower":[149,155],"levels":[150,170],"of":[151,171,183,194],"system":[152],"memory":[153],"heat":[156],"emission,":[157],"took":[159],"higher":[160],"computation":[161],"time":[162],"compared":[163],"RoBERTa.":[165],"produced":[168],"comparable":[169],"MSE,":[172],"RMSE,":[173],"training":[175,184],"loss":[176],"reduction.":[177],"Discussion:":[178],"highlights":[180],"influence":[182],"quality":[186],"model's":[189],"performance,":[190],"outweighing":[191],"significance":[193],"size.":[196],"Theoretical":[197],"practical":[199],"implications":[200],"also":[202],"discussed.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}