{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4390665506","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdata.2023.1296508","title":"CTAB-GAN+: enhancing tabular data synthesis","display_name":"CTAB-GAN+: enhancing tabular data synthesis","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4390665506","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdata.2023.1296508","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38260053"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fdata.2023.1296508","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdata.2023.1296508","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fdata.2023.1296508/pdf?isPublishedV2=False","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201220","display_name":"Frontiers in Big Data","issn_l":"2624-909X","issn":["2624-909X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Big Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fdata.2023.1296508/pdf?isPublishedV2=False","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016185099","display_name":"Zilong Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6549-3414"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["DE","NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zilong Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands","Technical University of Munich School of Social Sciences and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical University of Munich School of Social Sciences and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058392747","display_name":"Aditya Kunar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aditya Kunar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000838509","display_name":"Robert Birke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1144-3707"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55143463","display_name":"University of Turin","ror":"https://ror.org/048tbm396","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55143463"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Birke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, University of Turin, Turin, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, University of Turin, Turin, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55143463"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021927506","display_name":"Hiek Van der Scheer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210143884","display_name":"Aegon (Netherlands)","ror":"https://ror.org/04vxpm374","country_code":"NL","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143884"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hiek Van der Scheer","raw_affiliation_strings":["AEGON, The Hague, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AEGON, The Hague, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210143884"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013859152","display_name":"Lydia Y. Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4228-6735"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57825437","display_name":"University of Neuch\u00e2tel","ror":"https://ror.org/00vasag41","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57825437"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98358874","display_name":"Delft University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2c7k09","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}],"countries":["CH","NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lydia Y. Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, University of Neuch\u00e2tel, Neuch\u00e2tel, Switzerland","Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, University of Neuch\u00e2tel, Neuch\u00e2tel, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57825437"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98358874"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016185099"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508","https://openalex.org/I98358874"],"apc_list":{"value":1285,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1285},"apc_paid":{"value":1285,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1285},"fwci":24.9311,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":107,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99716079,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":null,"first_page":"1296508","last_page":"1296508"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9807999730110168,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9657999873161316,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7265986204147339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unavailability","display_name":"Unavailability","score":0.6572858095169067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/categorical-variable","display_name":"Categorical variable","score":0.653668999671936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-gradient-descent","display_name":"Stochastic gradient descent","score":0.5767545104026794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differential-privacy","display_name":"Differential privacy","score":0.5150258541107178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4489695727825165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.44568338990211487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4381857216358185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gradient-descent","display_name":"Gradient descent","score":0.4136885404586792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3796979784965515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.329571008682251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.1848476529121399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.13695409893989563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.09129133820533752}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7265986204147339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780505938","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17093282","display_name":"Unavailability","level":2,"score":0.6572858095169067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5274069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2285707","display_name":"Categorical variable","level":2,"score":0.653668999671936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206688291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7617819","display_name":"Stochastic gradient descent","level":3,"score":0.5767545104026794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23130292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5275358","display_name":"Differential privacy","level":2,"score":0.5150258541107178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4489695727825165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.44568338990211487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4381857216358185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153258448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1199743","display_name":"Gradient descent","level":3,"score":0.4136885404586792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3796979784965515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.329571008682251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.1848476529121399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13695409893989563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.09129133820533752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fdata.2023.1296508","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdata.2023.1296508","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fdata.2023.1296508/pdf?isPublishedV2=False","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201220","display_name":"Frontiers in Big Data","issn_l":"2624-909X","issn":["2624-909X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Big Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38260053","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38260053","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in big data","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10801038","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10801038","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10801038/pdf/fdata-06-1296508.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Front Big Data","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:cadc0d9f91144ec8a38ce8c0ecd320f9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/cadc0d9f91144ec8a38ce8c0ecd320f9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Big Data, Vol 6 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fdata.2023.1296508","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdata.2023.1296508","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fdata.2023.1296508/pdf?isPublishedV2=False","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201220","display_name":"Frontiers in Big Data","issn_l":"2624-909X","issn":["2624-909X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Big Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.6800000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4390665506.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1506806321","https://openalex.org/W2027595342","https://openalex.org/W2109426455","https://openalex.org/W2135930857","https://openalex.org/W2473418344","https://openalex.org/W2594311007","https://openalex.org/W2604918751","https://openalex.org/W2619903301","https://openalex.org/W2739748921","https://openalex.org/W2775808131","https://openalex.org/W2789226849","https://openalex.org/W2794511224","https://openalex.org/W2806276686","https://openalex.org/W2883181704","https://openalex.org/W2908109788","https://openalex.org/W2950776302","https://openalex.org/W2952515811","https://openalex.org/W2963755523","https://openalex.org/W2964182926","https://openalex.org/W2967880504","https://openalex.org/W3037261120","https://openalex.org/W3037491300","https://openalex.org/W3046830894","https://openalex.org/W3071470454","https://openalex.org/W3101955189","https://openalex.org/W3104110119","https://openalex.org/W3106873467","https://openalex.org/W3115920135","https://openalex.org/W3120644841","https://openalex.org/W3123788974","https://openalex.org/W3131853394","https://openalex.org/W3211713204","https://openalex.org/W4288296172","https://openalex.org/W4295521014","https://openalex.org/W4297799122","https://openalex.org/W6728897251","https://openalex.org/W6729482032","https://openalex.org/W6735913928","https://openalex.org/W6735926176","https://openalex.org/W6738676538","https://openalex.org/W6741832134","https://openalex.org/W6746621711","https://openalex.org/W6748503580","https://openalex.org/W6750342037","https://openalex.org/W6752307458","https://openalex.org/W6753474712","https://openalex.org/W6757641797","https://openalex.org/W6761061368","https://openalex.org/W6764399619","https://openalex.org/W6765451912","https://openalex.org/W6779062925","https://openalex.org/W6779786081","https://openalex.org/W6785656385","https://openalex.org/W6788001449","https://openalex.org/W6790857497","https://openalex.org/W6804263944"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4361791424","https://openalex.org/W2895097035","https://openalex.org/W4206903459","https://openalex.org/W2754816816","https://openalex.org/W4366280654","https://openalex.org/W3160167280","https://openalex.org/W3020853991","https://openalex.org/W4362706668","https://openalex.org/W4231621013","https://openalex.org/W3171021120"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,187],"usage":[1],"of":[2,14,43,57],"synthetic":[3,125],"data":[4,16,66,71,87,126,194],"is":[5],"gaining":[6],"momentum":[7],"in":[8,24,127],"part":[9,25],"due":[10,17,26],"to":[11,18,27,33,73,119,167],"the":[12,34,58,64,69,90],"unavailability":[13],"original":[15],"privacy":[19,77,83,170,213],"and":[20,23,49,130,152,159,179,208],"legal":[21],"considerations":[22],"its":[28],"utility":[29,124,182,202],"as":[30],"an":[31],"augmentation":[32],"authentic":[35],"data.":[36],"Generative":[37],"adversarial":[38],"networks":[39],"(GANs),":[40],"a":[41,95,105],"paragon":[42],"generative":[44],"models,":[45],"initially":[46],"for":[47,51,122,140],"images":[48],"subsequently":[50],"tabular":[52,108,185],"data,":[53],"has":[54],"contributed":[55],"many":[56],"state-of-the-art":[59,113,184],"synthesizers.":[60],"As":[61],"GANs":[62],"improve,":[63],"synthesized":[65],"increasingly":[67],"resemble":[68],"real":[70],"risking":[72],"leak":[74],"privacy.":[75],"Differential":[76],"(DP)":[78],"provides":[79],"theoretical":[80],"guarantees":[81],"on":[82,176],"loss":[84,136],"but":[85],"degrades":[86],"utility.":[88],"Striking":[89],"best":[91],"trade-off":[92],"remains":[93],"yet":[94],"challenging":[96],"research":[97],"question.":[98],"In":[99],"this":[100],"study,":[101],"we":[102],"propose":[103],"CTAB-GAN+":[104,110,175,191],"novel":[106,146],"conditional":[107,120],"GAN.":[109],"improves":[111],"upon":[112],"by":[114],"(i)":[115],"adding":[116],"downstream":[117],"losses":[118],"GAN":[121],"higher":[123,199],"both":[128],"classification":[129],"regression":[131],"domains;":[132],"(ii)":[133],"using":[134],"Wasserstein":[135],"with":[137,154,162,195],"gradient":[138,165],"penalty":[139],"better":[141],"training":[142,161],"convergence;":[143],"(iii)":[144],"introducing":[145],"encoders":[147],"targeting":[148],"mixed":[149],"continuous-categorical":[150],"variables":[151,153],"unbalanced":[155],"or":[156],"skewed":[157],"data;":[158],"(iv)":[160],"DP":[163],"stochastic":[164],"descent":[166],"impose":[168],"strict":[169],"guarantees.":[171],"We":[172],"extensively":[173],"evaluate":[174],"statistical":[177],"similarity":[178],"machine":[180,200],"learning":[181,201,209],"against":[183],"GANs.":[186],"results":[188],"show":[189],"that":[190],"synthesizes":[192],"privacy-preserving":[193],"at":[196],"least":[197],"21.9%":[198],"(i.e.,":[203],"F1-Score)":[204],"across":[205],"multiple":[206],"datasets":[207],"tasks":[210],"under":[211],"given":[212],"budget.":[214]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":60},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}