{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387402792","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdata.2023.1245198","title":"Fairness of recommender systems in the recruitment domain: an analysis from technical and legal perspectives","display_name":"Fairness of recommender systems in the recruitment domain: an analysis from technical and legal perspectives","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387402792","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdata.2023.1245198","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37869249"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fdata.2023.1245198","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdata.2023.1245198","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fdata.2023.1245198/pdf?isPublishedV2=False","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201220","display_name":"Frontiers in Big Data","issn_l":"2624-909X","issn":["2624-909X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Big Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fdata.2023.1245198/pdf?isPublishedV2=False","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100328480","display_name":"Deepak Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4828-8328"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121883995","display_name":"Johannes Kepler University of Linz","ror":"https://ror.org/052r2xn60","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121883995"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deepak Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Multimedia Mining and Search Group, Institute of Computational Perception, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Multimedia Mining and Search Group, Institute of Computational Perception, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121883995"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036432230","display_name":"Tessa Grosz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9072-9641"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121883995","display_name":"Johannes Kepler University of Linz","ror":"https://ror.org/052r2xn60","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121883995"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tessa Grosz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Legal Gender Studies, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Legal Gender Studies, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121883995"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017877491","display_name":"Navid Rekabsaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5764-8738"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121883995","display_name":"Johannes Kepler University of Linz","ror":"https://ror.org/052r2xn60","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121883995"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146193","display_name":"Linz Center of Mechatronics (Austria)","ror":"https://ror.org/05dwv6530","country_code":"AT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210146193"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Navid Rekabsaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Human-centered AI Group, AI Lab, Linz Institute of Technology, Linz, Austria","Multimedia Mining and Search Group, Institute of Computational Perception, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Human-centered AI Group, AI Lab, Linz Institute of Technology, Linz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210146193"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Multimedia Mining and Search Group, Institute of Computational Perception, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121883995"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040801451","display_name":"Elisabeth Greif","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4096-8510"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121883995","display_name":"Johannes Kepler University of Linz","ror":"https://ror.org/052r2xn60","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121883995"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elisabeth Greif","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Legal Gender Studies, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Legal Gender Studies, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121883995"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091259315","display_name":"Markus Schedl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1706-3406"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121883995","display_name":"Johannes Kepler University of Linz","ror":"https://ror.org/052r2xn60","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121883995"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146193","display_name":"Linz Center of Mechatronics (Austria)","ror":"https://ror.org/05dwv6530","country_code":"AT","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210146193"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Markus Schedl","raw_affiliation_strings":["Human-centered AI Group, AI Lab, Linz Institute of Technology, Linz, Austria","Multimedia Mining and Search Group, Institute of Computational Perception, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Human-centered AI Group, AI Lab, Linz Institute of Technology, Linz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210146193"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Multimedia Mining and Search Group, Institute of Computational Perception, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121883995"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5091259315"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121883995","https://openalex.org/I4210146193"],"apc_list":{"value":1150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1150},"apc_paid":{"value":1150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1150},"fwci":5.3228,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96364936,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":null,"first_page":"1245198","last_page":"1245198"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9785000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.946399986743927,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rss","display_name":"RSS","score":0.774299681186676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranking","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","score":0.6020878553390503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5703509449958801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/salary","display_name":"Salary","score":0.5317023992538452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/equity","display_name":"Equity (law)","score":0.5165299773216248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.5125246047973633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recommender-system","display_name":"Recommender system","score":0.48789286613464355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.24924394488334656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.21858304738998413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.2048705518245697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.16138166189193726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.12762436270713806}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2385561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45432","display_name":"RSS","level":2,"score":0.774299681186676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189430467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293293","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","level":2,"score":0.6020878553390503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5703509449958801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780090960","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194489","display_name":"Salary","level":2,"score":0.5317023992538452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199728807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2578557","display_name":"Equity (law)","level":2,"score":0.5165299773216248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.5125246047973633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557471498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q554950","display_name":"Recommender system","level":2,"score":0.48789286613464355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.24924394488334656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.21858304738998413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2048705518245697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.16138166189193726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.12762436270713806}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fdata.2023.1245198","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdata.2023.1245198","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fdata.2023.1245198/pdf?isPublishedV2=False","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201220","display_name":"Frontiers in Big Data","issn_l":"2624-909X","issn":["2624-909X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Big Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37869249","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37869249","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in big data","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:10587596","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/10587596","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10587596/pdf/fdata-06-1245198.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Front Big Data","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d54c7dec078d4b198f01c956e9963608","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d54c7dec078d4b198f01c956e9963608","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Big Data, Vol 6 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fdata.2023.1245198","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdata.2023.1245198","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fdata.2023.1245198/pdf?isPublishedV2=False","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201220","display_name":"Frontiers in Big Data","issn_l":"2624-909X","issn":["2624-909X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Big Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","display_name":"Gender equality","score":0.5199999809265137}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1837357248","display_name":"Humans and Recommender Systems: Towards Mutual Understanding","funder_award_id":"P33526","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321181","funder_display_name":"Austrian Science Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7076121518","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DFH-23","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321181","funder_display_name":"Austrian Science Fund"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321181","display_name":"Austrian Science Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/013tf3c58"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387402792.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":80,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1762172548","https://openalex.org/W2054141820","https://openalex.org/W2078242334","https://openalex.org/W2100960835","https://openalex.org/W2120730175","https://openalex.org/W2338147439","https://openalex.org/W2340985688","https://openalex.org/W2392403817","https://openalex.org/W2478641653","https://openalex.org/W2539033431","https://openalex.org/W2559655401","https://openalex.org/W2750446834","https://openalex.org/W2771754551","https://openalex.org/W2809307135","https://openalex.org/W2893584024","https://openalex.org/W2909212904","https://openalex.org/W2944784741","https://openalex.org/W2946046185","https://openalex.org/W2950173087","https://openalex.org/W2965373594","https://openalex.org/W2972310329","https://openalex.org/W2990138404","https://openalex.org/W2990274073","https://openalex.org/W2998841004","https://openalex.org/W3037383500","https://openalex.org/W3040683934","https://openalex.org/W3097821835","https://openalex.org/W3103891807","https://openalex.org/W3106791618","https://openalex.org/W3125041301","https://openalex.org/W3131567681","https://openalex.org/W3133759846","https://openalex.org/W3170568799","https://openalex.org/W3171981796","https://openalex.org/W4205171160","https://openalex.org/W4210284992","https://openalex.org/W4221104163","https://openalex.org/W4280652991","https://openalex.org/W4281885833","https://openalex.org/W4285262736","https://openalex.org/W4285744096","https://openalex.org/W4286850121","https://openalex.org/W4288083801","https://openalex.org/W4288086175","https://openalex.org/W4292484742","https://openalex.org/W4296259652","https://openalex.org/W4297899107","https://openalex.org/W4301113013","https://openalex.org/W4306836295","https://openalex.org/W4312684814","https://openalex.org/W4318616060","https://openalex.org/W4320163577","https://openalex.org/W4353075229","https://openalex.org/W4366492307","https://openalex.org/W4366782941","https://openalex.org/W4372347502","https://openalex.org/W4377097617","https://openalex.org/W6630427302","https://openalex.org/W6721300576","https://openalex.org/W6728551298","https://openalex.org/W6735804486","https://openalex.org/W6749685167","https://openalex.org/W6755207826","https://openalex.org/W6761323301","https://openalex.org/W6762573280","https://openalex.org/W6762765360","https://openalex.org/W6765451912","https://openalex.org/W6766673545","https://openalex.org/W6774668351","https://openalex.org/W6775298527","https://openalex.org/W6779380531","https://openalex.org/W6780297358","https://openalex.org/W6783658078","https://openalex.org/W6809846253","https://openalex.org/W6842944033","https://openalex.org/W6887943334","https://openalex.org/W6924749128","https://openalex.org/W7005265708","https://openalex.org/W7056167778","https://openalex.org/W7070499600"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W426968574","https://openalex.org/W2368582007","https://openalex.org/W2381014559","https://openalex.org/W2365639220","https://openalex.org/W2080567403","https://openalex.org/W2382520895","https://openalex.org/W2393709043","https://openalex.org/W2539387137","https://openalex.org/W2374952201","https://openalex.org/W2374808384"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recommender":[0],"systems":[1,18,28],"(RSs)":[2],"have":[3,86,196],"become":[4],"an":[5],"integral":[6],"part":[7],"of":[8,100,155,200],"the":[9,22,32,97,104,124,149,153,156,192,203],"hiring":[10],"process,":[11],"be":[12],"it":[13],"via":[14],"job":[15,69],"advertisement":[16],"ranking":[17,27],"(job":[19],"recommenders)":[20,30],"for":[21,31,166],"potential":[23],"employee":[24],"or":[25,74],"candidate":[26,83],"(candidate":[29],"employer.":[33],"As":[34],"seen":[35],"in":[36,51,61,82,114,198,202,211],"other":[37,77,212],"domains,":[38,213],"RSs":[39,116,195],"are":[40],"prone":[41],"to":[42,63,126,176,186],"harmful":[43],"biases,":[44],"unfair":[45],"algorithmic":[46],"behavior,":[47],"and":[48,89,110,139,152,162,168,170,175,180,214],"even":[49],"discrimination":[50],"a":[52,121,144],"legal":[53,90,145],"sense.":[54],"Some":[55],"cases,":[56],"such":[57,184],"as":[58],"salary":[59],"equity":[60],"regards":[62],"gender":[64],"(gender":[65],"pay":[66],"gap),":[67],"stereotypical":[68],"perceptions":[70],"along":[71],"gendered":[72],"lines,":[73],"biases":[75],"toward":[76],"subgroups":[78],"sharing":[79],"specific":[80],"characteristics":[81],"recommenders,":[84],"can":[85],"profound":[87],"ethical":[88],"implications.":[91],"In":[92],"this":[93],"survey,":[94],"we":[95,147,172],"discuss":[96,191],"current":[98],"state":[99],"fairness":[101,105,150,201],"research":[102],"considering":[103],"definitions":[106,151],"(e.g.,":[107],"demographic":[108],"parity":[109],"equal":[111],"opportunity)":[112],"used":[113],"recruitment-related":[115],"(RRSs).":[117],"We":[118,189],"investigate":[119],"from":[120,143],"technical":[122],"perspective":[123],"approaches":[125,158,185],"improve":[127,187],"fairness,":[128],"like":[129],"synthetic":[130],"data":[131],"generation,":[132],"adversarial":[133],"training,":[134],"protected":[135],"subgroup":[136],"distributional":[137],"constraints,":[138],"post-hoc":[140],"re-ranking.":[141],"Thereafter,":[142],"perspective,":[146],"contrast":[148],"effects":[154],"aforementioned":[157],"with":[159,208],"existing":[160,216],"EU":[161,179],"US":[163,181],"law":[164,182],"requirements":[165],"employment":[167],"occupation,":[169],"second,":[171],"ascertain":[173],"whether":[174],"what":[177],"extent":[178],"permits":[183],"fairness.":[188],"finally":[190],"advances":[193],"that":[194],"made":[197,210],"terms":[199],"recruitment":[204],"domain,":[205],"compare":[206],"them":[207],"those":[209],"outline":[215],"open":[217],"challenges.":[218]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}