{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4307281224","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdata.2022.1025806","title":"Apparent age prediction from faces: A survey of modern approaches","display_name":"Apparent age prediction from faces: A survey of modern approaches","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-10-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4307281224","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdata.2022.1025806","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36387012"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fdata.2022.1025806","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdata.2022.1025806","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201220","display_name":"Frontiers in Big Data","issn_l":"2624-909X","issn":["2624-909X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Big Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdata.2022.1025806","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070354862","display_name":"Olatunbosun Agbo-Ajala","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95023434","display_name":"University of KwaZulu-Natal","ror":"https://ror.org/04qzfn040","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95023434"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Olatunbosun Agbo-Ajala","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Discipline, School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Discipline, School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95023434"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054315649","display_name":"Serestina Viriri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2850-8645"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24027795","display_name":"University of Johannesburg","ror":"https://ror.org/04z6c2n17","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95023434","display_name":"University of KwaZulu-Natal","ror":"https://ror.org/04qzfn040","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95023434"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Serestina Viriri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Discipline, School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa","Electrical and Electronic Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Discipline, School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95023434"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057563078","display_name":"Mustapha Oloko-Oba","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5853-517X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95023434","display_name":"University of KwaZulu-Natal","ror":"https://ror.org/04qzfn040","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95023434"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mustapha Oloko-Oba","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Discipline, School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Discipline, School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95023434"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033750363","display_name":"Olufisayo Ekundayo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0203-9446"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95023434","display_name":"University of KwaZulu-Natal","ror":"https://ror.org/04qzfn040","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95023434"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Olufisayo Ekundayo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Discipline, School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Discipline, School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95023434"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054647135","display_name":"Reolyn Heymann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0583-535X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24027795","display_name":"University of Johannesburg","ror":"https://ror.org/04z6c2n17","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Reolyn Heymann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Electronic Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5054315649"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24027795","https://openalex.org/I95023434"],"apc_list":{"value":1150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1150},"apc_paid":{"value":1150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1150},"fwci":1.2178,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8043161,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":null,"first_page":"1025806","last_page":"1025806"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9714999794960022,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11118","display_name":"Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior","score":0.9520000219345093,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation","display_name":"Estimation","score":0.80743408203125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.803725004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6684908866882324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.6114444732666016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5966670513153076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strengths-and-weaknesses","display_name":"Strengths and weaknesses","score":0.5880590677261353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5851180553436279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.5587533116340637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5379228591918945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.36870133876800537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.1488431990146637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.14285588264465332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.08855685591697693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.07076793909072876}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.80743408203125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.803725004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6684908866882324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.6114444732666016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5966670513153076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63882131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17122954","display_name":"Strengths and weaknesses","level":2,"score":0.5880590677261353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5851180553436279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5587533116340637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5379228591918945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.36870133876800537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.1488431990146637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14285588264465332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.08855685591697693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.07076793909072876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fdata.2022.1025806","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdata.2022.1025806","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201220","display_name":"Frontiers in Big Data","issn_l":"2624-909X","issn":["2624-909X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Big Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:36387012","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36387012","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in big data","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3e110b7eb7a041958035cebeb62a1fd8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3e110b7eb7a041958035cebeb62a1fd8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Big Data, Vol 5 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9644213","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9644213","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Front Big Data","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fdata.2022.1025806","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdata.2022.1025806","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201220","display_name":"Frontiers in Big Data","issn_l":"2624-909X","issn":["2624-909X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Big Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":69,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W610429473","https://openalex.org/W1849007038","https://openalex.org/W1905153633","https://openalex.org/W2030098377","https://openalex.org/W2065497115","https://openalex.org/W2105026179","https://openalex.org/W2126263520","https://openalex.org/W2130287471","https://openalex.org/W2132852291","https://openalex.org/W2140584854","https://openalex.org/W2147278565","https://openalex.org/W2151386286","https://openalex.org/W2163626514","https://openalex.org/W2237751460","https://openalex.org/W2239239723","https://openalex.org/W2239890062","https://openalex.org/W2248200858","https://openalex.org/W2249451056","https://openalex.org/W2249960609","https://openalex.org/W2295704396","https://openalex.org/W2471186117","https://openalex.org/W2472456744","https://openalex.org/W2483369080","https://openalex.org/W2485314986","https://openalex.org/W2488236012","https://openalex.org/W2510725918","https://openalex.org/W2521029638","https://openalex.org/W2548780814","https://openalex.org/W2553156677","https://openalex.org/W2565516711","https://openalex.org/W2725329413","https://openalex.org/W2732482952","https://openalex.org/W2751647243","https://openalex.org/W2765131766","https://openalex.org/W2772936956","https://openalex.org/W2806187818","https://openalex.org/W2807904173","https://openalex.org/W2895421242","https://openalex.org/W2955216108","https://openalex.org/W2962851632","https://openalex.org/W2963717664","https://openalex.org/W3023169602","https://openalex.org/W3105616927","https://openalex.org/W3134949695","https://openalex.org/W3161067078","https://openalex.org/W3179333658","https://openalex.org/W4224306551","https://openalex.org/W4224317060","https://openalex.org/W4226266420","https://openalex.org/W4239009700","https://openalex.org/W6639862454","https://openalex.org/W6679777679","https://openalex.org/W6682602282","https://openalex.org/W6689908833","https://openalex.org/W6690267585","https://openalex.org/W6691388869","https://openalex.org/W6691559019","https://openalex.org/W6691635037","https://openalex.org/W6716111004","https://openalex.org/W6720342106","https://openalex.org/W6720721309","https://openalex.org/W6721658540","https://openalex.org/W6722232076","https://openalex.org/W6722817314","https://openalex.org/W6729490290","https://openalex.org/W6740211260","https://openalex.org/W6747403077","https://openalex.org/W6752471588","https://openalex.org/W6761022326"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2378211422","https://openalex.org/W4295769391","https://openalex.org/W4321353415","https://openalex.org/W2745001401","https://openalex.org/W2972220648","https://openalex.org/W2130974462","https://openalex.org/W2028665553","https://openalex.org/W2086519370","https://openalex.org/W4246352526","https://openalex.org/W2332667808"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"human":[0],"face":[1],"image":[2],"has":[3,17],"attracted":[4],"increased":[5],"attention":[6],"due":[7],"to":[8,36,57,61,120,145,155],"its":[9,63],"numerous":[10],"real-world":[11],"applications.":[12],"Predicting":[13],"the":[14,45,52,73,79,91,99,108,124,131,137,148,158,179],"apparent":[15,48,80,100,117,152,188],"age":[16,49,81,118,153,189],"been":[18,147],"quite":[19],"difficult":[20],"for":[21,78,116,127,151,187],"machines":[22],"and":[23,76,110,141,177,182],"humans.":[24],"However,":[25],"researchers":[26,55],"have":[27,146],"focused":[28],"on":[29,98,136,157,166],"machine":[30],"estimation":[31,50,82,119,154],"of":[32,40,47,72,90,93,95,112],"\"age":[33],"as":[34],"perceived\"":[35],"a":[37,69,87],"high":[38],"level":[39],"accuracy.":[41],"To":[42],"further":[43],"improve":[44,156],"performance":[46,92],"from":[51],"facial":[53,101,168],"image,":[54],"continue":[56],"examine":[58],"different":[59],"methods":[60],"enhance":[62],"results":[64],"further.":[65],"This":[66],"paper":[67],"presents":[68],"critical":[70],"review":[71],"modern":[74],"approaches":[75,97],"techniques":[77],"task.":[83],"We":[84,162],"also":[85,106],"present":[86],"comparative":[88],"analysis":[89],"some":[94],"those":[96,142],"aging":[102,169],"benchmark.":[103],"The":[104,133],"study":[105],"highlights":[107],"strengths":[109],"weaknesses":[111],"each":[113],"approach":[114],"used":[115],"guide":[121],"in":[122,130],"choosing":[123],"appropriate":[125],"algorithms":[126,140],"future":[128],"work":[129,134],"field.":[132],"focuses":[135],"most":[138,149,180],"popular":[139,181],"that":[143],"appear":[144],"successful":[150],"existing":[159],"state-of-the-art":[160],"results.":[161],"based":[163],"our":[164],"evaluations":[165],"three":[167],"datasets,":[170],"including":[171],"looking":[172],"at":[173],"people":[174],"(LAP)-2015,":[175],"LAP-2016,":[176],"APPA-REAL,":[178],"publicly":[183],"available":[184],"datasets":[185],"benchmark":[186],"estimation.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
