{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3096190728","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdata.2020.528441","title":"Ensemble Machine Learning Approach Improves Predicted Spatial Variation of Surface Soil Organic Carbon Stocks in Data-Limited Northern Circumpolar Region","display_name":"Ensemble Machine Learning Approach Improves Predicted Spatial Variation of Surface Soil Organic Carbon Stocks in Data-Limited Northern Circumpolar Region","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3096190728","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdata.2020.528441","mag":"3096190728","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33693410"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fdata.2020.528441","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdata.2020.528441","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201220","display_name":"Frontiers in Big Data","issn_l":"2624-909X","issn":["2624-909X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Big Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdata.2020.528441","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113709518","display_name":"Umakant Mishra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5123-2803"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192454743","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories California","ror":"https://ror.org/058m7ey48","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I192454743","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Umakant Mishra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bioscience Division, Sandia National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bioscience Division, Sandia National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192454743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054737426","display_name":"Sagar Gautam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0828-1631"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I192454743","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories California","ror":"https://ror.org/058m7ey48","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I192454743","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210104735"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sagar Gautam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bioscience Division, Sandia National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bioscience Division, Sandia National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192454743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005760188","display_name":"W. J. Riley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4615-2304"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148283060","display_name":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02jbv0t02","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I148283060","https://openalex.org/I39565521"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William J. Riley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148283060"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053220196","display_name":"Forrest M. Hoffman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5802-4134"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1289243028","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01qz5mb56","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I4210159294"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Forrest M. Hoffman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Climate Change Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Climate Change Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1289243028"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5113709518"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I192454743"],"apc_list":{"value":1150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1150},"apc_paid":{"value":1150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1150},"fwci":3.1713,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":54,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91810467,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":null,"first_page":"528441","last_page":"528441"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11333","display_name":"Climate change and permafrost","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11333","display_name":"Climate change and permafrost","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10770","display_name":"Soil Geostatistics and Mapping","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10716","display_name":"Soil and Unsaturated Flow","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.7584068775177002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kriging","display_name":"Kriging","score":0.6600972414016724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-variability","display_name":"Spatial variability","score":0.5662801861763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.563831090927124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-carbon","display_name":"Soil carbon","score":0.5289003252983093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.516746461391449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regression","display_name":"Regression","score":0.4667966961860657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-soil-mapping","display_name":"Digital soil mapping","score":0.4632244408130646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-learning","display_name":"Ensemble learning","score":0.46274852752685547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gradient-boosting","display_name":"Gradient boosting","score":0.45765411853790283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multivariate-adaptive-regression-splines","display_name":"Multivariate adaptive regression splines","score":0.4301398694515228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/permafrost","display_name":"Permafrost","score":0.42730921506881714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-science","display_name":"Soil science","score":0.3866664171218872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.37593355774879456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.31724119186401367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regression-analysis","display_name":"Regression analysis","score":0.2866848111152649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2583014965057373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.2538187503814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.19203561544418335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-map","display_name":"Soil map","score":0.18383046984672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonparametric-regression","display_name":"Nonparametric regression","score":0.11759981513023376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-water","display_name":"Soil water","score":0.09327095746994019}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.7584068775177002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81692654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q225926","display_name":"Kriging","level":2,"score":0.6600972414016724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94747663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574086","display_name":"Spatial variability","level":2,"score":0.5662801861763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.563831090927124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39464130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554898","display_name":"Soil carbon","level":3,"score":0.5289003252983093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.516746461391449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83546350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139051","display_name":"Regression","level":2,"score":0.4667966961860657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104471815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5276164","display_name":"Digital soil mapping","level":4,"score":0.4632244408130646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.46274852752685547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70153297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591907","display_name":"Gradient boosting","level":3,"score":0.45765411853790283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44882253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3455882","display_name":"Multivariate adaptive regression splines","level":4,"score":0.4301398694515228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15098985","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179918","display_name":"Permafrost","level":2,"score":0.42730921506881714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159390177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265","display_name":"Soil science","level":1,"score":0.3866664171218872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.37593355774879456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.31724119186401367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.2866848111152649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2583014965057373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.2538187503814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.19203561544418335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71864017","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q889561","display_name":"Soil map","level":3,"score":0.18383046984672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74127309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3455886","display_name":"Nonparametric regression","level":3,"score":0.11759981513023376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159750122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96621023","display_name":"Soil water","level":2,"score":0.09327095746994019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":9,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fdata.2020.528441","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdata.2020.528441","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201220","display_name":"Frontiers in Big Data","issn_l":"2624-909X","issn":["2624-909X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Big Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33693410","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33693410","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in big data","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:ark:/13030/qt9419x1n4","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:44d8b11af0254483b42b04f7b4b6f302","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/44d8b11af0254483b42b04f7b4b6f302","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Big Data, Vol 3 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt9419x1n4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9419x1n4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Big Data, vol 3","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:1690303","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1690303","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:1725839","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1725839","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:1833983","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1833983","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7931963","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7931963","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Front Big Data","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fdata.2020.528441","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fdata.2020.528441","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201220","display_name":"Frontiers in Big Data","issn_l":"2624-909X","issn":["2624-909X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Big Data","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.6100000143051147}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1071216263","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC02-05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332369","funder_display_name":"National Nuclear Security Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1286236842","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"-AC02-05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1313983767","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC02","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338284","funder_display_name":"Argonne National Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1337544421","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337509","funder_display_name":"Biological and Environmental Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1489425746","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1528409558","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. DE-AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1581387393","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. DE-AC02-05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337509","funder_display_name":"Biological and Environmental Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1591330662","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC02-05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338291","funder_display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1637692498","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337509","funder_display_name":"Biological and Environmental Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1645119126","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1719536385","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1751644051","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC02-06CH11357","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2503023272","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2638771445","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC02-05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338284","funder_display_name":"Argonne National Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2777053550","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC02-06CH11357","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2857863752","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. DE-AC02-05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338292","funder_display_name":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G288067973","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"0003525","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2887060908","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. DE-AC02-06CH11357","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338284","funder_display_name":"Argonne National Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2900453181","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC02-05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332369","funder_display_name":"National Nuclear Security Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2998698001","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC02-06CH11357","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306250","funder_display_name":"Battelle"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3049477530","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3075337988","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"06CH11357","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338284","funder_display_name":"Argonne National Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3083819904","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3121793570","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337509","funder_display_name":"Biological and Environmental Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3179025022","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-NA-0003525","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3311144436","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC02-06CH11357","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337509","funder_display_name":"Biological and Environmental Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3318903820","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC02-06CH11357","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332369","funder_display_name":"National Nuclear Security Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3432487278","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337509","funder_display_name":"Biological and Environmental Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3944918260","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC02-05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3976335900","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338292","funder_display_name":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4158950854","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC02-06CH11357","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338292","funder_display_name":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4327825534","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332369","funder_display_name":"National Nuclear Security Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4423657506","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338287","funder_display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4501827968","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC02-05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4565140552","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"-AC02-05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4957472368","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":". DE-AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G498139845","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC02","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5085543421","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC02-06CH11357","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338284","funder_display_name":"Argonne National Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G542631466","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. DE-AC02-05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5510291422","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. DE-AC02-05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308590","funder_display_name":"University of California"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5723425519","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC02-05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338287","funder_display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5726405315","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306250","funder_display_name":"Battelle"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5817817810","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. DE-AC02-06CH11357","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6129992089","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316892","funder_display_name":"UT-Battelle"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6150355651","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308590","funder_display_name":"University of California"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6348972864","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC02-05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6486853205","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338287","funder_display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G654302390","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338292","funder_display_name":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6558272803","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC02","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G675320460","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338287","funder_display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6822521381","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC02-05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308590","funder_display_name":"University of California"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6848031779","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"06CH11357","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6864165199","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306250","funder_display_name":"Battelle"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6911681599","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. DE-AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6918803902","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"06CH11357","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7166948679","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-NA-0003525","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332369","funder_display_name":"National Nuclear Security Administration"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7354628648","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338292","funder_display_name":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7368700025","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. DE-AC02-06CH11357","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7410743818","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-NA-0003525","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7629237052","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC02-05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337509","funder_display_name":"Biological and Environmental Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7672463193","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. DE-AC02-05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7769062580","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. DE-AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316892","funder_display_name":"UT-Battelle"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7787287669","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC02-05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337509","funder_display_name":"Biological and Environmental Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7954425250","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC02-06CH11357","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7995982022","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G805243471","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G805931733","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-NA-0003525","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338291","funder_display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8143874970","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC02-06CH11357","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8269158468","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","funder_display_name":"Office of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8286507625","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC02-06CH11357","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338287","funder_display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8306346728","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC02-05CH11231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338292","funder_display_name":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8813984943","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316892","funder_display_name":"UT-Battelle"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8906985441","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8943143067","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AC05-00OR22725","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316892","funder_display_name":"UT-Battelle"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G969889393","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-AC02-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306250","display_name":"Battelle","ror":"https://ror.org/01h5tnr73"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308590","display_name":"University of California","ror":"https://ror.org/00pjdza24"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316892","display_name":"UT-Battelle","ror":"https://ror.org/04nza6677"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332359","display_name":"Office of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00mmn6b08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332369","display_name":"National Nuclear Security Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/03sk1we31"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337509","display_name":"Biological and Environmental Research","ror":"https://ror.org/0114b2m14"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338284","display_name":"Argonne National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/05gvnxz63"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338287","display_name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01qz5mb56"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338291","display_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/01apwpt12"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338292","display_name":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02jbv0t02"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":62,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1678356000","https://openalex.org/W1956280464","https://openalex.org/W1986381824","https://openalex.org/W1988195734","https://openalex.org/W1993900418","https://openalex.org/W1994221921","https://openalex.org/W2004647830","https://openalex.org/W2009225674","https://openalex.org/W2009294553","https://openalex.org/W2014802839","https://openalex.org/W2031380432","https://openalex.org/W2035871099","https://openalex.org/W2042339514","https://openalex.org/W2045934768","https://openalex.org/W2051574590","https://openalex.org/W2053402935","https://openalex.org/W2054325787","https://openalex.org/W2056625935","https://openalex.org/W2058191772","https://openalex.org/W2061148522","https://openalex.org/W2070286911","https://openalex.org/W2090477810","https://openalex.org/W2093922401","https://openalex.org/W2096735011","https://openalex.org/W2098627306","https://openalex.org/W2102201073","https://openalex.org/W2106595207","https://openalex.org/W2112776483","https://openalex.org/W2117416558","https://openalex.org/W2119821739","https://openalex.org/W2120529497","https://openalex.org/W2123197653","https://openalex.org/W2133505387","https://openalex.org/W2146738048","https://openalex.org/W2158450675","https://openalex.org/W2159852351","https://openalex.org/W2161514282","https://openalex.org/W2163996928","https://openalex.org/W2245710736","https://openalex.org/W2285314639","https://openalex.org/W2290308683","https://openalex.org/W2330820318","https://openalex.org/W2346578810","https://openalex.org/W2396890656","https://openalex.org/W2425845278","https://openalex.org/W2513975446","https://openalex.org/W2526491654","https://openalex.org/W2579904556","https://openalex.org/W2608683491","https://openalex.org/W2611504252","https://openalex.org/W2620187156","https://openalex.org/W2790765982","https://openalex.org/W2798064106","https://openalex.org/W2805163127","https://openalex.org/W2896414807","https://openalex.org/W2908898337","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2969636837","https://openalex.org/W3005528129","https://openalex.org/W4239510810","https://openalex.org/W4302563833","https://openalex.org/W6683549571"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4256152544","https://openalex.org/W1481829876","https://openalex.org/W3208169454","https://openalex.org/W4298012357","https://openalex.org/W4296079469","https://openalex.org/W3172437324","https://openalex.org/W2896054965","https://openalex.org/W2896110774","https://openalex.org/W2568135170","https://openalex.org/W3100297620"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Various":[0],"approaches":[1,49,209,241],"of":[2,12,23,71,101,118,145,154,190,207,213,221,272],"differing":[3],"mathematical":[4],"complexities":[5],"are":[6],"being":[7],"applied":[8],"for":[9,152,267],"spatial":[10,24,36,69,82,116,211,244,270],"prediction":[11,125,153,161,176,189,202,212,235,250,255,265],"soil":[13,30,39,75,93,111,214,222],"properties.":[14],"Regression":[15,157],"kriging":[16,65,158],"is":[17],"a":[18,259],"widely":[19],"used":[20],"hybrid":[21],"approach":[22,256],"variation":[25,70,117,271],"that":[26,139,231],"combines":[27],"correlation":[28],"between":[29,38],"properties":[31,215],"and":[32,59,110,148,170,174,182,223,226,246],"environmental":[33,102,146,224],"factors":[34,103,147],"with":[35,63,98],"autocorrelation":[37],"observations.":[40],"In":[41],"this":[42],"study,":[43],"we":[44,229],"compared":[45],"four":[46,196],"machine":[47,181,197,239],"learning":[48,198,240],"(gradient":[50],"boosting":[51,180],"machine,":[52,173],"multinarrative":[53,166],"adaptive":[54,167],"regression":[55,64,168],"spline,":[56],"random":[57,183],"forest,":[58],"support":[60,171],"vector":[61,172],"machine)":[62],"to":[66,113,165,178],"predict":[67,114],"the":[68,85,115,124,134,186,205,219,232,248,269],"surface":[72,119],"(0-30":[73],"cm)":[74],"organic":[76],"carbon":[77],"(SOC)":[78],"stocks":[79,192],"at":[80,127],"250-m":[81],"resolution":[83],"across":[84,133],"northern":[86],"circumpolar":[87],"permafrost":[88],"region.":[89],"We":[90,122,137],"combined":[91],"2,374":[92],"profile":[94],"observations":[95],"(calibration":[96],"datasets)":[97,132],"georeferenced":[99],"datasets":[100,225],"(climate,":[104],"topography,":[105],"land":[106],"cover,":[107],"bedrock":[108],"geology,":[109],"types)":[112],"SOC":[120,155,191,273],"stocks.":[121,156,274],"evaluated":[123],"accuracy":[126,177],"randomly":[128],"selected":[129],"sites":[130],"(validation":[131],"study":[135],"area.":[136],"found":[138],"different":[140,143,208],"techniques":[141,199],"inferred":[142],"numbers":[144],"their":[149],"relative":[150],"importance":[151],"produced":[159],"lower":[160],"errors":[162],"in":[163,210],"comparison":[164],"spline":[169],"comparable":[175],"gradient":[179],"forest.":[184],"However,":[185],"ensemble":[187,233,254],"median":[188,234],"obtained":[193,236],"from":[194,237],"all":[195],"showed":[200],"highest":[201,249],"accuracy.":[203,251],"Although":[204],"use":[206],"will":[216],"depend":[217],"on":[218],"availability":[220],"computational":[227],"resources,":[228],"conclude":[230],"multiple":[238],"provides":[242],"greater":[243],"details":[245],"produces":[247],"Thus":[252],"an":[253],"can":[257],"be":[258],"better":[260],"choice":[261],"than":[262],"any":[263],"single":[264],"technique":[266],"predicting":[268]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-13T07:54:00.901334","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}