{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7122359409","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2025.1723498","title":"Latency and trust constrained fog node selection using deep reinforcement learning","display_name":"Latency and trust constrained fog node selection using deep reinforcement learning","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7122359409","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2025.1723498"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fcomp.2025.1723498","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2025.1723498","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/computer-science/articles/10.3389/fcomp.2025.1723498/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210211086","display_name":"Frontiers in Computer Science","issn_l":"2624-9898","issn":["2624-9898"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/computer-science/articles/10.3389/fcomp.2025.1723498/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078035004","display_name":"A. Aalan Babu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119668213","display_name":"Karunya University","ror":"https://ror.org/03k23nv15","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119668213"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391012606","display_name":"AAA College of Engineering and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0281pgk04","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391012606"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Anju Babu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, India","Sahrdaya College of Engineering and Technology, Kodakara, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119668213"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sahrdaya College of Engineering and Technology, Kodakara, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4391012606"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011617766","display_name":"G. Josemin Bala","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4696-8028"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119668213","display_name":"Karunya University","ror":"https://ror.org/03k23nv15","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119668213"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. Josemin Bala","raw_affiliation_strings":["Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119668213"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078035004"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119668213","https://openalex.org/I4391012606"],"apc_list":{"value":1150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1150},"apc_paid":{"value":1150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1150},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.04346897,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.8816999793052673,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.8816999793052673,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13553","display_name":"Age of Information Optimization","score":0.013199999928474426,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14413","display_name":"Advanced Technologies in Various Fields","score":0.00800000037997961,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.7578999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.6151000261306763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.5339999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.515500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.46720001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.4205000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.4018999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.3774000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection-algorithm","display_name":"Selection algorithm","score":0.329800009727478}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.7578999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.6151000261306763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5339999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5212000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.515500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.46720001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.43389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.4205000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.4018999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3862000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.3774000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775973920","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3252726","display_name":"Selection algorithm","level":3,"score":0.329800009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986652147","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21809931","display_name":"Fog computing","level":3,"score":0.3292999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.3257000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.3019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775907273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7805281","display_name":"Time constraint","level":2,"score":0.2953999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.2809999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.28040000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.2759000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.2711000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.26649999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.26339998841285706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2615000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.26030001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.25769999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.25130000710487366}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fcomp.2025.1723498","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2025.1723498","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/computer-science/articles/10.3389/fcomp.2025.1723498/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210211086","display_name":"Frontiers in Computer Science","issn_l":"2624-9898","issn":["2624-9898"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:66b2f053fe024e8e97792b12e8f9fc2e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/66b2f053fe024e8e97792b12e8f9fc2e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Computer Science, Vol 7 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fcomp.2025.1723498","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2025.1723498","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/computer-science/articles/10.3389/fcomp.2025.1723498/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210211086","display_name":"Frontiers in Computer Science","issn_l":"2624-9898","issn":["2624-9898"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8965405225753784,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7122359409.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2898485069","https://openalex.org/W2906622513","https://openalex.org/W2980073220","https://openalex.org/W3028517753","https://openalex.org/W3090025217","https://openalex.org/W3119035836","https://openalex.org/W3162969011","https://openalex.org/W3208229128","https://openalex.org/W4206935088","https://openalex.org/W4286252300","https://openalex.org/W4304003378","https://openalex.org/W4312193358","https://openalex.org/W4386214605","https://openalex.org/W4388624469","https://openalex.org/W4391596931","https://openalex.org/W4397008505","https://openalex.org/W4401989829","https://openalex.org/W4406138711","https://openalex.org/W4409734181","https://openalex.org/W4413329882"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automated":[0],"healthcare":[1,151,161],"IoT":[2,27,162],"systems":[3],"demand":[4],"secure,":[5,145],"low-latency,":[6],"and":[7,51,67,75,89,101,108,110,116,121,131,135,143,157],"energy-efficient":[8],"computation\u2014capabilities":[9],"well-supported":[10],"by":[11,99,106,114,129],"fog":[12,17,42],"computing.":[13],"Effective":[14],"selection":[15],"of":[16,25,149],"nodes":[18],"is":[19],"critical":[20],"for":[21,40,55],"maximizing":[22],"the":[23],"performance":[24],"fog-based":[26,147],"platforms.":[28],"This":[29],"paper":[30],"introduces":[31],"a":[32,52,61],"Secure":[33,58,82,94,125],"Proximal":[34],"Policy":[35],"Optimization":[36],"(Secure":[37],"PPO)":[38],"algorithm":[39],"trust-aware":[41],"node":[43],"selection,":[44],"considering":[45],"latency,":[46],"energy":[47,68,112],"consumption,":[48],"processing":[49],"power,":[50],"trust":[53,62],"flag":[54],"each":[56],"node.":[57],"PPO":[59,83,95,126],"enforces":[60],"constraint":[63],"while":[64],"optimizing":[65],"latency":[66,98],"via":[69],"PPO's":[70],"clipped":[71],"objective,":[72],"ensuring":[73],"stable":[74],"reliable":[76,146],"learning.":[77],"Simulation":[78],"results":[79],"demonstrate":[80],"that":[81],"achieves":[84],"substantial":[85],"improvements":[86],"over":[87,133],"A2C":[88,120,134],"Deep":[90],"Q-Networks":[91],"(DQN).":[92],"Specifically,":[93],"reduces":[96],"inference":[97,141],"24.36":[100],"37.57%,":[102],"lowers":[103],"convergence":[104],"time":[105,142],"55.56":[107],"66.67%,":[109],"decreases":[111],"consumption":[113],"11.90":[115],"20.04%":[117],"compared":[118],"to":[119],"DQN,":[122],"respectively.":[123],"Additionally,":[124],"improves":[127],"accuracy":[128],"9.42":[130],"18.88%":[132],"DQN.":[136],"The":[137],"framework":[138],"maintains":[139],"sub-millisecond":[140],"ensures":[144],"execution":[148],"automated":[150],"tasks,":[152],"substantially":[153],"enhancing":[154],"patient":[155],"safety":[156],"operational":[158],"efficiency":[159],"within":[160],"environments.":[163]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2026-01-13T00:00:00"}
