{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414880146","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2025.1642566","title":"Entropy measurement and online quality control of bit streams by a true random bit generator","display_name":"Entropy measurement and online quality control of bit streams by a true random bit generator","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414880146","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2025.1642566"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fcomp.2025.1642566","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2025.1642566","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/computer-science/articles/10.3389/fcomp.2025.1642566/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210211086","display_name":"Frontiers in Computer Science","issn_l":"2624-9898","issn":["2624-9898"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/computer-science/articles/10.3389/fcomp.2025.1642566/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Cesare Gerolimetto Fabrello","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115752224","display_name":"University of Insubria","ror":"https://ror.org/00s409261","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115752224"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36169673","display_name":"Alstom (France)","ror":"https://ror.org/00t4db855","country_code":"FR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36169673"]}],"countries":["FR","IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cesare Gerolimetto Fabrello","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Scienze e Alta Tecnologia, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi dell'Insubria","Random Power s.r.l"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Scienze e Alta Tecnologia, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi dell'Insubria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115752224"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Random Power s.r.l","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36169673"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111339897","display_name":"Valeria Rossi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115752224","display_name":"University of Insubria","ror":"https://ror.org/00s409261","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115752224"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36169673","display_name":"Alstom (France)","ror":"https://ror.org/00t4db855","country_code":"FR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36169673"]}],"countries":["FR","IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Valeria Rossi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Scienze e Alta Tecnologia, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi dell'Insubria","Random Power s.r.l"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Scienze e Alta Tecnologia, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi dell'Insubria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115752224"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Random Power s.r.l","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36169673"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113461150","display_name":"Kamil Witek","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115752224","display_name":"University of Insubria","ror":"https://ror.org/00s409261","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115752224"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36169673","display_name":"Alstom (France)","ror":"https://ror.org/00t4db855","country_code":"FR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36169673"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I686019","display_name":"AGH University of Krakow","ror":"https://ror.org/00bas1c41","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I686019"]}],"countries":["FR","IT","PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kamil Witek","raw_affiliation_strings":["AGH University of Science and Technology","Dipartimento di Scienze e Alta Tecnologia, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi dell'Insubria","Random Power s.r.l"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AGH University of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I686019"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Scienze e Alta Tecnologia, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi dell'Insubria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115752224"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Random Power s.r.l","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36169673"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001327918","display_name":"Alberto Trombetta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2567-9297"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115752224","display_name":"University of Insubria","ror":"https://ror.org/00s409261","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115752224"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alberto Trombetta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Scienze e Alta Tecnologia, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi dell'Insubria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Scienze e Alta Tecnologia, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi dell'Insubria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115752224"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104669892","display_name":"Mateusz Baszczyk","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36169673","display_name":"Alstom (France)","ror":"https://ror.org/00t4db855","country_code":"FR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36169673"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I686019","display_name":"AGH University of Krakow","ror":"https://ror.org/00bas1c41","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I686019"]}],"countries":["FR","PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mateusz Baszczyk","raw_affiliation_strings":["AGH University of Science and Technology","Random Power s.r.l"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AGH University of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I686019"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Random Power s.r.l","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36169673"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033526212","display_name":"P. Dorosz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8884-0981"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I686019","display_name":"AGH University of Krakow","ror":"https://ror.org/00bas1c41","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I686019"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Piotr Dorosz","raw_affiliation_strings":["AGH University of Science and Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AGH University of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I686019"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108191815","display_name":"W. Kucewicz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2073-711X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I686019","display_name":"AGH University of Krakow","ror":"https://ror.org/00bas1c41","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I686019"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wojciech Kucewicz","raw_affiliation_strings":["AGH University of Science and Technology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AGH University of Science and Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I686019"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046377358","display_name":"M. Caccia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9499-678X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115752224","display_name":"University of Insubria","ror":"https://ror.org/00s409261","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115752224"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36169673","display_name":"Alstom (France)","ror":"https://ror.org/00t4db855","country_code":"FR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36169673"]}],"countries":["FR","IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Massimo Caccia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Scienze e Alta Tecnologia, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi dell'Insubria","Random Power s.r.l"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Scienze e Alta Tecnologia, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi dell'Insubria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115752224"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Random Power s.r.l","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36169673"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1285,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1285},"apc_paid":{"value":1285,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1285},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.21678835,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10901","display_name":"Advanced Data Compression Techniques","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10901","display_name":"Advanced Data Compression Techniques","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11447","display_name":"Blind Source Separation Techniques","score":0.9733999967575073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-number-generation","display_name":"Random number generation","score":0.7875000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/firmware","display_name":"Firmware","score":0.6840000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nist","display_name":"NIST","score":0.6628000140190125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/randomness","display_name":"Randomness","score":0.5895000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","score":0.5076000094413757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bitstream","display_name":"Bitstream","score":0.43140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.3578999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.351500004529953}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201866948","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228206","display_name":"Random number generation","level":2,"score":0.7875000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7642999887466431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67212190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104851","display_name":"Firmware","level":2,"score":0.6840000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111219384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6954384","display_name":"NIST","level":2,"score":0.6628000140190125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125112378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176640","display_name":"Randomness","level":2,"score":0.5895000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.5076000094413757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136695289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q415568","display_name":"Bitstream","level":3,"score":0.43140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.41679999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.3578999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.351500004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.34540000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92950451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864718","display_name":"Stream cipher","level":3,"score":0.3172999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107368093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q448176","display_name":"Steganalysis","level":4,"score":0.30730000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140642157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1623338","display_name":"Pseudorandom number generator","level":2,"score":0.30149999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.29679998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141513077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q378542","display_name":"Independent and identically distributed random variables","level":3,"score":0.2962000072002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780992000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17016113","display_name":"Generator (circuit theory)","level":3,"score":0.28700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2791999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776836416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1364844","display_name":"False alarm","level":2,"score":0.26260000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87007009","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210832","display_name":"Statistical hypothesis testing","level":2,"score":0.2590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101722063","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q218825","display_name":"Random access","level":2,"score":0.2583000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95546049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1345207","display_name":"Entropy estimation","level":3,"score":0.25600001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.25200000405311584}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fcomp.2025.1642566","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2025.1642566","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/computer-science/articles/10.3389/fcomp.2025.1642566/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210211086","display_name":"Frontiers in Computer Science","issn_l":"2624-9898","issn":["2624-9898"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4999b9e5f8954935819ded480c94078c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4999b9e5f8954935819ded480c94078c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Computer Science, Vol 7 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fcomp.2025.1642566","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2025.1642566","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/computer-science/articles/10.3389/fcomp.2025.1642566/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210211086","display_name":"Frontiers in Computer Science","issn_l":"2624-9898","issn":["2624-9898"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414880146.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414880146.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1963898916","https://openalex.org/W1996214499","https://openalex.org/W2013482589","https://openalex.org/W2048394203","https://openalex.org/W2066460425","https://openalex.org/W2077667328","https://openalex.org/W2741730328","https://openalex.org/W2784781042","https://openalex.org/W2793613633","https://openalex.org/W2988683112","https://openalex.org/W3046585101","https://openalex.org/W3084195430","https://openalex.org/W4240963859","https://openalex.org/W4243494487","https://openalex.org/W4298403653","https://openalex.org/W4309765387","https://openalex.org/W4400187671","https://openalex.org/W4402813313","https://openalex.org/W4404209146","https://openalex.org/W4404741193","https://openalex.org/W4404994086","https://openalex.org/W4408275935","https://openalex.org/W4409426097","https://openalex.org/W4409989571","https://openalex.org/W4410980720","https://openalex.org/W4413988602","https://openalex.org/W6891837231"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Generating":[0],"random":[1,45,73,99],"bit":[2,100,155,221],"streams":[3,222],"is":[4,14,33,103,127,151,191,217],"required":[5],"in":[6,11,68,96,129],"various":[7],"applications,":[8],"most":[9],"notably":[10],"cyber-security,":[12],"which":[13],"essential":[15],"for":[16,72,91],"Internet":[17],"of":[18,51,87,94,163,166,172,183,198,202,214],"Everything":[19],"applications":[20],"to":[21,35,179,195],"enable":[22],"secure":[23],"communication":[24],"between":[25],"interconnected":[26],"devices.":[27],"Ensuring":[28],"high-quality":[29],"and":[30,41,65,85,110,122,158,188],"robust":[31],"randomness":[32],"crucial":[34],"mitigate":[36],"risks":[37],"associated":[38],"with":[39,138,154],"predictability":[40],"system":[42],"compromise.":[43],"True":[44],"numbers":[46],"provide":[47],"the":[48,69,83,92,106,120,164,167,173,176,181,184,199,203,207,215,220],"highest":[49],"levels":[50],"unpredictability.":[52],"However,":[53],"known":[54],"systematic":[55],"biases":[56],"that":[57,205],"can":[58],"emerge":[59],"from":[60,175],"physical":[61],"imperfections,":[62],"environmental":[63],"variations,":[64],"device":[66],"aging":[67],"processes":[70],"exploited":[71],"number":[74],"generation":[75,157],"must":[76],"be":[77],"carefully":[78],"monitored.":[79],"This":[80],"article":[81],"reports":[82],"implementation":[84,150],"characterization":[86],"an":[88,161],"online":[89],"procedure":[90,126,178],"detection":[93,141],"anomalies":[95],"a":[97,196,225],"true":[98],"stream.":[101],"It":[102],"based":[104],"on":[105,119],"NIST":[107,177],"adaptive":[108],"proportion":[109],"repetition":[111],"count":[112],"tests,":[113],"complemented":[114],"by":[115,224],"statistical":[116,170],"analysis":[117,171],"relying":[118],"Monobit":[121],"RUNS":[123],"tests.":[124],"The":[125,149,211],"implemented":[128],"firmware":[130],"through":[131],"dedicated":[132],"hardware":[133],"accelerators":[134],"processing":[135],"configurable-length":[136],"sequences,":[137],"automated":[139],"anomaly":[140],"triggering":[142],"alerts":[143],"after":[144],"three":[145],"consecutive":[146],"threshold":[147],"violations.":[148],"performed":[152,218],"simultaneously":[153],"stream":[156],"also":[159,192],"provides":[160],"estimate":[162],"entropy":[165,201,228],"source.":[168,229],"A":[169],"results":[174],"evaluate":[180],"symbols":[182],"bit-stream":[185],"as":[186],"independently":[187],"identically":[189],"distributed":[190],"performed,":[193],"leading":[194],"computation":[197],"minimum":[200],"source":[204],"cross-checks":[206],"previously":[208],"mentioned":[209],"estimate.":[210],"experimental":[212],"validation":[213],"approach":[216],"up":[219],"generated":[223],"quantum,":[226],"silicon-based":[227]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
