{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413130056","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2025.1633916","title":"FLEM-XAI: Federated learning based real time ensemble model with explainable AI framework for an efficient diagnosis of lung diseases","display_name":"FLEM-XAI: Federated learning based real time ensemble model with explainable AI framework for an efficient diagnosis of lung diseases","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413130056","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2025.1633916"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fcomp.2025.1633916","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2025.1633916","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/computer-science/articles/10.3389/fcomp.2025.1633916/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210211086","display_name":"Frontiers in Computer Science","issn_l":"2624-9898","issn":["2624-9898"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/computer-science/articles/10.3389/fcomp.2025.1633916/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074194493","display_name":"S. Durga","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I81556334","display_name":"Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham","ror":"https://ror.org/03am10p12","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81556334"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210154636","display_name":"Technology Information, Forecasting and Assessment Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04d81ed36","country_code":"IN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799351866","https://openalex.org/I4210098748","https://openalex.org/I4210134808","https://openalex.org/I4210154636"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sivan Durga","raw_affiliation_strings":["TIFAC CORE in Cyber Security, Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TIFAC CORE in Cyber Security, Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Coimbatore, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81556334","https://openalex.org/I4210154636"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018536813","display_name":"Esther Daniel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1997-094X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119668213","display_name":"Karunya University","ror":"https://ror.org/03k23nv15","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119668213"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Esther Daniel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Computer Science and Engineering, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Computer Science and Engineering, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119668213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049910168","display_name":"S. Seetha","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104573","display_name":"CMR University","ror":"https://ror.org/015waqy33","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104573"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Surleese Seetha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of ISE, CMR Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of ISE, CMR Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104573"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012769033","display_name":"Vijaya Kumar Reshma","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vijaya Kumar Reshma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Engineering, Sri Krishna College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Engineering, Sri Krishna College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059382291","display_name":"Vasily Sachnev","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7063-5069"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87111246","display_name":"Catholic University of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01fpnj063","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87111246"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vasily Sachnev","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information, Communication and Electronics Engineering, Catholic University of Korea, Korea, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information, Communication and Electronics Engineering, Catholic University of Korea, Korea, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87111246"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5074194493"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210154636","https://openalex.org/I81556334"],"apc_list":{"value":1150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1150},"apc_paid":{"value":1150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1150},"fwci":1.5161,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84696828,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.986299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.8133741021156311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8032013773918152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5996401309967041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5885981917381287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3902645707130432}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.8133741021156311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8032013773918152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5996401309967041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5885981917381287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3902645707130432}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fcomp.2025.1633916","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2025.1633916","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/computer-science/articles/10.3389/fcomp.2025.1633916/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210211086","display_name":"Frontiers in Computer Science","issn_l":"2624-9898","issn":["2624-9898"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:630dc78bfffa49acbd2da8c3aa6eeb43","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/630dc78bfffa49acbd2da8c3aa6eeb43","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Computer Science, Vol 7 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fcomp.2025.1633916","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2025.1633916","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/computer-science/articles/10.3389/fcomp.2025.1633916/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210211086","display_name":"Frontiers in Computer Science","issn_l":"2624-9898","issn":["2624-9898"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413130056.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413130056.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2996768300","https://openalex.org/W3013277995","https://openalex.org/W3014361272","https://openalex.org/W3015562698","https://openalex.org/W3027914507","https://openalex.org/W3038744550","https://openalex.org/W3083753334","https://openalex.org/W3133631487","https://openalex.org/W3138795569","https://openalex.org/W3200840849","https://openalex.org/W4210347885","https://openalex.org/W4214860167","https://openalex.org/W4220807233","https://openalex.org/W4226197703","https://openalex.org/W4306839706","https://openalex.org/W4319067116","https://openalex.org/W4386522055","https://openalex.org/W4386980719","https://openalex.org/W4389782880","https://openalex.org/W4391899594","https://openalex.org/W4391933025","https://openalex.org/W4400569020","https://openalex.org/W4401033098","https://openalex.org/W4406882703","https://openalex.org/W4408155480"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W4387369504","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W4283697347"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,61,107,165],"computer-aided":[1],"diagnosis":[2,103],"helps":[3],"medical":[4,16,69,78,133],"professionals":[5],"detect":[6,37],"and":[7,19,34,58,116,122,130,140,147,150,159,184,213,226,235],"classify":[8],"lung":[9,105],"diseases":[10],"from":[11],"chest":[12],"X-rays":[13],"by":[14],"leveraging":[15],"image":[17],"processing":[18,73],"central":[20],"server-based":[21],"machine":[22],"learning":[23,45],"models.":[24],"These":[25],"technologies":[26],"provide":[27,120],"real-time":[28],"assistance":[29],"to":[30,81,119,218],"analyze":[31],"the":[32,38,41,66,83,87,128,144,152,155,170,174,196,219],"input":[33],"help":[35],"efficiently":[36],"abnormalities":[39],"at":[40],"earliest.":[42],"However,":[43],"traditional":[44,175],"models":[46,142,156],"are":[47],"not":[48],"suitable":[49],"for":[50,100],"live":[51],"scenarios":[52],"that":[53,169,228],"require":[54],"privacy,":[55],"data":[56,70],"diversity,":[57],"decentralized":[59],"processing.":[60],"Federated":[62,93],"learning-based":[63],"model":[64,172,177,198],"facilitates":[65],"protection":[67],"of":[68,77,86,104,124,132,154,180,204,222,231],"privacy":[71,129],"while":[72,126],"a":[74,92,189,201,209],"large":[75],"volume":[76],"images,":[79],"aiming":[80],"improve":[82],"overall":[84],"efficiency":[85],"model.":[88],"This":[89],"paper":[90],"proposes":[91],"Learning":[94,162],"based":[95],"Ensemble":[96],"Model":[97,163],"(FLEM)":[98],"framework":[99],"an":[101],"efficient":[102],"diseases.":[106],"FLEM":[108,158,171],"utilizes":[109],"explainable":[110],"AI":[111],"techniques,":[112],"including":[113],"SHAP,":[114],"Grad-CAM,":[115],"Differential":[117],"Privacy,":[118],"transparency":[121],"interpretability":[123],"predictions":[125],"maintaining":[127],"security":[131],"data.":[134],"We":[135],"applied":[136],"InceptionV3,":[137,223],"Conv2D,":[138,224],"VGG16,":[139,225],"ResNet-50":[141],"on":[143],"COVID-19,":[145],"TB,":[146],"pneumonia":[148],"datasets":[149],"analysed":[151],"performance":[153,166],"in":[157,178,208],"Central":[160],"Server-based":[161],"(CSLM).":[164],"analysis":[167],"shows":[168],"outperformed":[173],"CSLM":[176,187,197],"terms":[179],"accuracy,":[181],"training":[182,221],"time,":[183],"bandwidth":[185],"consumption.":[186],"witnesses":[188],"quicker":[190],"convergence":[191],"time":[192],"than":[193],"FLEM.":[194],"Although":[195],"converged":[199],"after":[200],"considerable":[202],"number":[203],"epochs,":[205],"it":[206],"resulted":[207],"5,":[210],"8,":[211],"9,":[212],"10%":[214],"accuracy":[215],"reduction":[216],"compared":[217],"FLEM-based":[220],"ResNet50":[227],"achieved":[229],"accuracies":[230],"91.8,":[232],"88,":[233],"92.5,":[234],"95.5%,":[236],"respectively.":[237]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-10T16:38:18.471706","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}