{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412775003","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2025.1598099","title":"Evaluation of generative models for emotional 3D animation generation in VR","display_name":"Evaluation of generative models for emotional 3D animation generation in VR","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412775003","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2025.1598099"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fcomp.2025.1598099","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2025.1598099","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/computer-science/articles/10.3389/fcomp.2025.1598099/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210211086","display_name":"Frontiers in Computer Science","issn_l":"2624-9898","issn":["2624-9898"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/computer-science/articles/10.3389/fcomp.2025.1598099/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082706551","display_name":"Kiran Chhatre","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7414-845X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kiran Chhatre","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087435210","display_name":"Renan Guarese","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1206-5701"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Renan Guarese","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085972863","display_name":"Andrii Matviienko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6571-0623"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrii Matviienko","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055757332","display_name":"Christopher Peters","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher Peters","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5082706551"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"],"apc_list":{"value":1175,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1418},"apc_paid":{"value":1175,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1418},"fwci":7.4742,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97252066,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11431","display_name":"Action Observation and Synchronization","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11431","display_name":"Action Observation and Synchronization","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11094","display_name":"Face Recognition and Perception","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10709","display_name":"Social Robot Interaction and HRI","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/animation","display_name":"Animation","score":0.6801257133483887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.6760971546173096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5497031807899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-model","display_name":"Generative model","score":0.42725318670272827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.3812198042869568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3370017409324646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.3343013823032379}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C502989409","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11425","display_name":"Animation","level":2,"score":0.6801257133483887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.6760971546173096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5497031807899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.42725318670272827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.3812198042869568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3370017409324646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.3343013823032379}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fcomp.2025.1598099","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2025.1598099","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/computer-science/articles/10.3389/fcomp.2025.1598099/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210211086","display_name":"Frontiers in Computer Science","issn_l":"2624-9898","issn":["2624-9898"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2512.16081","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2512.16081","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2512.16081","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:DiVA.org:kth-369923","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-369923","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401559","display_name":"KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","host_organization_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:eebe3c38ee0e4b238eccf534bfe0074c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/eebe3c38ee0e4b238eccf534bfe0074c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Computer Science, Vol 7 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fcomp.2025.1598099","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2025.1598099","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/computer-science/articles/10.3389/fcomp.2025.1598099/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210211086","display_name":"Frontiers in Computer Science","issn_l":"2624-9898","issn":["2624-9898"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6062402021","display_name":"Creating Lively Interactive Populated Environments","funder_award_id":"860768","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338337","funder_display_name":"H2020 Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338337","display_name":"H2020 Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412775003.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412775003.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":116,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W92240031","https://openalex.org/W215088529","https://openalex.org/W1975425660","https://openalex.org/W2014567373","https://openalex.org/W2021291367","https://openalex.org/W2024536104","https://openalex.org/W2027028392","https://openalex.org/W2033702744","https://openalex.org/W2057029517","https://openalex.org/W2076807085","https://openalex.org/W2078833921","https://openalex.org/W2106968553","https://openalex.org/W2128213565","https://openalex.org/W2130716178","https://openalex.org/W2135431835","https://openalex.org/W2135966470","https://openalex.org/W2146670093","https://openalex.org/W2148593161","https://openalex.org/W2149628368","https://openalex.org/W2151363564","https://openalex.org/W2235920218","https://openalex.org/W2295474752","https://openalex.org/W2462014456","https://openalex.org/W2550143307","https://openalex.org/W2612690371","https://openalex.org/W2737658251","https://openalex.org/W2739192055","https://openalex.org/W2745771616","https://openalex.org/W2769666294","https://openalex.org/W2784629930","https://openalex.org/W2788535313","https://openalex.org/W2794136334","https://openalex.org/W2795574155","https://openalex.org/W2800242109","https://openalex.org/W2803980637","https://openalex.org/W2804619907","https://openalex.org/W2895226286","https://openalex.org/W2970588956","https://openalex.org/W3005590178","https://openalex.org/W3033696290","https://openalex.org/W3036601975","https://openalex.org/W3083173864","https://openalex.org/W3094502228","https://openalex.org/W3107850082","https://openalex.org/W3125775899","https://openalex.org/W3153832461","https://openalex.org/W3154411171","https://openalex.org/W3170283647","https://openalex.org/W3177525997","https://openalex.org/W3180794345","https://openalex.org/W3195349361","https://openalex.org/W3204221554","https://openalex.org/W3204378586","https://openalex.org/W4200526174","https://openalex.org/W4200630629","https://openalex.org/W4206409786","https://openalex.org/W4212985046","https://openalex.org/W4213217172","https://openalex.org/W4221142137","https://openalex.org/W4225680573","https://openalex.org/W4225964194","https://openalex.org/W4231899500","https://openalex.org/W4236965008","https://openalex.org/W4243499798","https://openalex.org/W4251751827","https://openalex.org/W4283816416","https://openalex.org/W4285981714","https://openalex.org/W4287716673","https://openalex.org/W4294877277","https://openalex.org/W4310482418","https://openalex.org/W4312747027","https://openalex.org/W4315471373","https://openalex.org/W4320890744","https://openalex.org/W4321351659","https://openalex.org/W4321484325","https://openalex.org/W4323642664","https://openalex.org/W4365505164","https://openalex.org/W4377001520","https://openalex.org/W4377010269","https://openalex.org/W4380994134","https://openalex.org/W4385764101","https://openalex.org/W4386070066","https://openalex.org/W4386076250","https://openalex.org/W4386076313","https://openalex.org/W4387446320","https://openalex.org/W4389314077","https://openalex.org/W4392405626","https://openalex.org/W4396696312","https://openalex.org/W4396748111","https://openalex.org/W4396833478","https://openalex.org/W4399199495","https://openalex.org/W4400703011","https://openalex.org/W4401304260","https://openalex.org/W4403922674","https://openalex.org/W4404915194","https://openalex.org/W4407760088","https://openalex.org/W4408934879","https://openalex.org/W4410095935","https://openalex.org/W4410738265","https://openalex.org/W4412055617","https://openalex.org/W6723208928","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6754379584","https://openalex.org/W6761893648","https://openalex.org/W6761997268","https://openalex.org/W6762644988","https://openalex.org/W6763864543","https://openalex.org/W6780218876","https://openalex.org/W6804781843","https://openalex.org/W6810595431","https://openalex.org/W6847726902","https://openalex.org/W6852349810","https://openalex.org/W6852839485","https://openalex.org/W6856026527","https://openalex.org/W6863044375","https://openalex.org/W6872162658"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2103375294","https://openalex.org/W1823321090","https://openalex.org/W2378792725","https://openalex.org/W4365211920","https://openalex.org/W3014948380","https://openalex.org/W2215755978","https://openalex.org/W4391584540","https://openalex.org/W4380551139","https://openalex.org/W4317695495","https://openalex.org/W4395044357"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Introduction":[0],"Social":[1],"interactions":[2],"incorporate":[3],"various":[4],"nonverbal":[5,27],"signals":[6],"to":[7,41,135,163,168,208],"convey":[8],"emotions":[9,161],"alongside":[10],"speech,":[11],"including":[12],"facial":[13,149,212],"expressions":[14,129],"and":[15,81,116,140,142,150,179,215,225],"body":[16,151],"gestures.":[17],"Generative":[18,204],"models":[19,65,125,197,205],"have":[20],"demonstrated":[21],"promising":[22],"results":[23,155],"in":[24,37,198,211],"creating":[25],"full-body":[26],"animations":[28,183],"synchronized":[29],"with":[30],"speech;":[31],"however,":[32],"evaluations":[33,234],"using":[34],"statistical":[35],"metrics":[36],"2D":[38],"settings":[39],"fail":[40],"fully":[42],"capture":[43],"user-perceived":[44],"emotions,":[45],"limiting":[46],"our":[47],"understanding":[48],"of":[49,52,181,188,194,231],"the":[50,177,192,229],"effectiveness":[51],"these":[53,123],"models.":[54,248],"Methods":[55],"To":[56],"address":[57],"this,":[58],"we":[59,96,121],"evaluate":[60],"emotional":[61,100,201],"3D":[62,106],"animation":[63,107,223,243],"generative":[64,124,196,236,247],"within":[66],"an":[67],"immersive":[68],"Virtual":[69],"Reality":[70],"(VR)":[71],"environment,":[72],"emphasizing":[73,228],"user\u2014centric":[74],"metrics-emotional":[75],"arousal":[76],"realism,":[77],"naturalness,":[78],"enjoyment,":[79],"diversity,":[80],"interaction":[82,87,226],"quality\u2014in":[83],"a":[84,90,132],"real-time":[85],"human-agent":[86],"scenario.":[88],"Through":[89],"user":[91],"study":[92],"(N":[93],"=":[94],"48),":[95],"systematically":[97],"examine":[98],"perceived":[99],"quality":[101],"for":[102,222],"three":[103],"state-of-the-art":[104],"speech-driven":[105,173],"methods":[108,158,210,217],"across":[109,245],"two":[110],"specific":[111],"emotions:":[112],"happiness":[113],"(high":[114],"arousal)":[115],"neutral":[117,189],"(mid":[118],"arousal).":[119],"Additionally,":[120],"compare":[122],"against":[126],"real":[127,147],"human":[128,148],"obtained":[130],"via":[131],"reconstruction-based":[133,209],"method":[134],"assess":[136],"both":[137],"their":[138],"strengths":[139],"limitations":[141,193],"how":[143],"closely":[144],"they":[145],"replicate":[146],"expressions.":[152],"Results":[153],"Our":[154],"demonstrate":[156],"that":[157],"explicitly":[159],"modeling":[160],"lead":[162],"higher":[164,185],"recognition":[165],"accuracy":[166],"compared":[167,207],"those":[169,187],"focusing":[170],"solely":[171],"on":[172],"synchrony.":[174],"Users":[175],"rated":[176],"realism":[178],"naturalness":[180],"happy":[182],"significantly":[184],"than":[186],"animations,":[190],"highlighting":[191],"current":[195],"handling":[199],"subtle":[200],"states.":[202],"Discussion":[203],"underperformed":[206],"expression":[213],"quality,":[214,227],"all":[216,246],"received":[218],"relatively":[219],"low":[220],"ratings":[221],"enjoyment":[224],"importance":[230],"incorporating":[232],"user-centric":[233],"into":[235],"model":[237],"development.":[238],"Finally,":[239],"participants":[240],"positively":[241],"recognized":[242],"diversity":[244]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
