{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413988126","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2025.1596804","title":"An application layer with protocol-based java smart contract verification","display_name":"An application layer with protocol-based java smart contract verification","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413988126","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2025.1596804"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fcomp.2025.1596804","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2025.1596804","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/computer-science/articles/10.3389/fcomp.2025.1596804/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210211086","display_name":"Frontiers in Computer Science","issn_l":"2624-9898","issn":["2624-9898"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/computer-science/articles/10.3389/fcomp.2025.1596804/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022121180","display_name":"Luca Olivieri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8074-8980"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149461666","display_name":"Ca' Foscari University of Venice","ror":"https://ror.org/04yzxz566","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149461666"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luca Olivieri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149461666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051480560","display_name":"Fausto Spoto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2973-0384"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119439378","display_name":"University of Verona","ror":"https://ror.org/039bp8j42","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119439378"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fausto Spoto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119439378"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081858147","display_name":"Fabio Tagliaferro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5904-8768"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fabio Tagliaferro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Equixly Srl, Florence, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Equixly Srl, Florence, Italy","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5051480560"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119439378"],"apc_list":{"value":1150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1150},"apc_paid":{"value":1150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1150},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.32856391,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9865000247955322,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9854000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/java","display_name":"Java","score":0.6745378971099854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6502851247787476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.6272664666175842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/layer","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","score":0.48840779066085815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.34945428371429443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.3483097553253174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.07963922619819641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.06493231654167175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-material","display_name":"Composite material","score":0.05162808299064636}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548217200","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251","display_name":"Java","level":2,"score":0.6745378971099854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6502851247787476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.6272664666175842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.48840779066085815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.34945428371429443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.3483097553253174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.07963922619819641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.06493231654167175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.05162808299064636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fcomp.2025.1596804","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2025.1596804","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/computer-science/articles/10.3389/fcomp.2025.1596804/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210211086","display_name":"Frontiers in Computer Science","issn_l":"2624-9898","issn":["2624-9898"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3135a863cf0b4a0a903c7736c4bd6029","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3135a863cf0b4a0a903c7736c4bd6029","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Computer Science, Vol 7 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unive.it:10278/5102267","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10278/5102267","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402336","display_name":"ARCA (Universit\u00e0 Ca' Foscari Venezia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I149461666","host_organization_name":"Ca' Foscari University of Venice","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149461666"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fcomp.2025.1596804","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2025.1596804","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/computer-science/articles/10.3389/fcomp.2025.1596804/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210211086","display_name":"Frontiers in Computer Science","issn_l":"2624-9898","issn":["2624-9898"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F7311471023","display_name":"NextGenerationEU","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413988126.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413988126.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W260189897","https://openalex.org/W2062873592","https://openalex.org/W2295804537","https://openalex.org/W2539190473","https://openalex.org/W2604844934","https://openalex.org/W2729396025","https://openalex.org/W2768238295","https://openalex.org/W2805827286","https://openalex.org/W2914554654","https://openalex.org/W3011992028","https://openalex.org/W3036397807","https://openalex.org/W3199939570","https://openalex.org/W4226292196","https://openalex.org/W4292410877","https://openalex.org/W4302292975","https://openalex.org/W4322765894","https://openalex.org/W4402118463","https://openalex.org/W6922144367"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2749690376","https://openalex.org/W2786317006","https://openalex.org/W4367724653","https://openalex.org/W2788563018","https://openalex.org/W4395962217","https://openalex.org/W2997587123","https://openalex.org/W4281673905","https://openalex.org/W3206385231","https://openalex.org/W1566482460","https://openalex.org/W3118256810"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Smart":[0,35],"contracts":[1,36,49,100,150,204,212,225,275],"are":[2,101,114,296],"software":[3],"that":[4,95,133,159,162,220,270,287,314],"runs":[5,236],"in":[6,64,73,103,185,214,228],"blockchain":[7,23,229,335],"and":[8,29,142,246,250,291,320],"expresses":[9],"the":[10,46,78,104,127,137,140,145,148,167,176,180,186,194,215,273,281,312,331,334],"rules":[11,28,172,178,269],"of":[12,48,129,136,139,147,175,179,193,201,218,239,253,258,264,267,333],"an":[13,183,199],"agreement":[14],"between":[15],"parties.":[16],"An":[17],"incorrect":[18],"smart":[19,60,99,130,149,203,211,224,274],"contract":[20,61],"might":[21],"allow":[22],"users":[24],"to":[25,41,52,117,306,311],"violate":[26,83],"its":[27,32,247,307,321],"even":[30],"jeopardize":[31],"expected":[33],"security.":[34],"cannot":[37],"be":[38,53,318],"easily":[39],"replaced":[40],"patch":[42],"a":[43,59,65,74,123,155,190,202,240],"bug":[44],"since":[45],"nature":[47],"requires":[50],"them":[51],"immutable.":[54],"More":[55],"problems":[56],"occur":[57],"when":[58,144],"is":[62,110,134,154,230],"written":[63,213],"general-purpose":[66],"language,":[67],"such":[68,171,243],"as":[69,244,302,304],"Java,":[70,219],"whose":[71,226],"executions,":[72],"blockchain,":[75],"could":[76],"hang":[77],"network,":[79],"break":[80],"consensus":[81,177,191,241,294],"or":[82,255,326],"data":[84],"encapsulation.":[85],"To":[86],"limit":[87],"these":[88],"problems,":[89],"there":[90],"exist":[91],"automatic":[92],"static":[93],"analyzers":[94],"find":[96],"bugs":[97],"before":[98],"installed":[102],"blockchain.":[105,181],"This":[106,120,196,233,260,284],"so-called":[107],"off-chain":[108],"verification":[109,128,168,187,209,268,289,316],"optional":[111],"because":[112],"programmers":[113],"not":[115,164,231],"forced":[116],"use":[118],"it.":[119],"paper":[121,197,261,285],"presents":[122],"general":[124],"framework":[125],"for":[126,210],"contracts,":[131],"instead,":[132],"part":[135,174],"protocol":[138,188],"nodes":[141],"applies":[143],"code":[146,161],"gets":[151],"installed.":[152],"It":[153,298],"mandatory":[156],"entry":[157],"filter":[158],"bans":[160],"does":[163],"abide":[165],"by":[166,280],"rules.":[169],"Consequently,":[170],"become":[173],"Therefore,":[182],"improvement":[184],"entails":[189],"update":[192],"network.":[195,336],"describes":[198],"implementation":[200],"application":[205,234],"layer":[206,235],"with":[207],"protocol-based":[208,288,315],"Takamaka":[216,282],"subset":[217],"filters":[221],"only":[222],"those":[223],"execution":[227],"dangerous.":[232],"on":[237],"top":[238],"engine":[242],"Tendermint":[245],"derivatives":[248],"Ignite":[249],"CometBFT":[251],"(proof":[252,257],"stake),":[254],"Mokamint":[256],"space).":[259],"provides":[262],"examples":[263],"actual":[265,300],"implementations":[266],"check":[271],"if":[272],"satisfy":[276],"some":[277],"constraints":[278],"required":[279],"language.":[283],"shows":[286,299],"works":[290],"reports":[292],"how":[293],"updates":[295],"implemented.":[297],"experiments":[301],"well":[303],"limits":[305],"use,":[308],"mainly":[309],"related":[310],"fact":[313],"must":[317,323],"fast":[319],"complexity":[322],"never":[324],"explode,":[325],"otherwise,":[327],"it":[328],"would":[329],"compromise":[330],"performance":[332]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T09:19:25.381259","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
