{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409344790","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2025.1550677","title":"Privacy-enhanced skin disease classification: integrating federated learning in an IoT-enabled edge computing","display_name":"Privacy-enhanced skin disease classification: integrating federated learning in an IoT-enabled edge computing","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409344790","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2025.1550677"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fcomp.2025.1550677","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2025.1550677","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/computer-science/articles/10.3389/fcomp.2025.1550677/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210211086","display_name":"Frontiers in Computer Science","issn_l":"2624-9898","issn":["2624-9898"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/computer-science/articles/10.3389/fcomp.2025.1550677/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015556666","display_name":"Nada Alasbali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2541-7876"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82952536","display_name":"King Khalid University","ror":"https://ror.org/052kwzs30","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82952536"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nada Alasbali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics and Computer Systems, College of Computer Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics and Computer Systems, College of Computer Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82952536"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100754273","display_name":"Jawad Ahmad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6289-8248"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138564716","display_name":"Prince Mohammad bin Fahd University","ror":"https://ror.org/03d64na34","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138564716"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jawad Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cybersecurity Center, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Alkhobar, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cybersecurity Center, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Alkhobar, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138564716"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052731223","display_name":"Ali Akbar Siddique","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9641-7067"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188771183","display_name":"Iqra University","ror":"https://ror.org/00thhhw55","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188771183"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Akbar Siddique","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, Science & Technology (FEST), Iqra University, Karachi, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, Science & Technology (FEST), Iqra University, Karachi, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188771183"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059667465","display_name":"Oumaima Saidani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9520-3174"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106778892","display_name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","ror":"https://ror.org/05b0cyh02","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oumaima Saidani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093345795","display_name":"Alanoud Al Mazroa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6201-0410"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106778892","display_name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","ror":"https://ror.org/05b0cyh02","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alanoud Al Mazroa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106778892"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101457384","display_name":"Asif Raza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8298-9161"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I34478861","display_name":"Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02n4kqn31","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34478861"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Asif Raza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34478861"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066659045","display_name":"Rahmat Ullah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5162-5164"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110002522","display_name":"University of Essex","ror":"https://ror.org/02nkf1q06","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rahmat Ullah","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005946268","display_name":"Muhammad Shahbaz Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7166-6681"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I251738","display_name":"Edinburgh Napier University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zjvnn91","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Shahbaz Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Engineering and the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5066659045"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"],"apc_list":{"value":1150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1150},"apc_paid":{"value":1150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1150},"fwci":3.1838,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9187212,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10392","display_name":"Cutaneous Melanoma Detection and Management","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10392","display_name":"Cutaneous Melanoma Detection and Management","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.7227810621261597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6707279086112976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.5986701250076294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.5516777634620667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.40958744287490845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.37335270643234253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3319939374923706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.27545222640037537}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.7227810621261597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6707279086112976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.5986701250076294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.5516777634620667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.40958744287490845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.37335270643234253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3319939374923706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.27545222640037537}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fcomp.2025.1550677","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2025.1550677","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/computer-science/articles/10.3389/fcomp.2025.1550677/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210211086","display_name":"Frontiers in Computer Science","issn_l":"2624-9898","issn":["2624-9898"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b4168ccf5e0f44be887e621698a9c081","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b4168ccf5e0f44be887e621698a9c081","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Computer Science, Vol 7 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fcomp.2025.1550677","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2025.1550677","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/computer-science/articles/10.3389/fcomp.2025.1550677/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210211086","display_name":"Frontiers in Computer Science","issn_l":"2624-9898","issn":["2624-9898"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4714153462","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PNURSP2025R760","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322484","funder_display_name":"Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322484","display_name":"Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University","ror":"https://ror.org/05b0cyh02"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324433","display_name":"King Khalid University","ror":"https://ror.org/052kwzs30"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409344790.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409344790.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W94827559","https://openalex.org/W1973302494","https://openalex.org/W1982364244","https://openalex.org/W1986096836","https://openalex.org/W2002507614","https://openalex.org/W2051106546","https://openalex.org/W2051167400","https://openalex.org/W2051521434","https://openalex.org/W2144625619","https://openalex.org/W2162351555","https://openalex.org/W2592451861","https://openalex.org/W2594455611","https://openalex.org/W2742893201","https://openalex.org/W2890855883","https://openalex.org/W2938496786","https://openalex.org/W2979280111","https://openalex.org/W2984412793","https://openalex.org/W2996490063","https://openalex.org/W3003624604","https://openalex.org/W3007641206","https://openalex.org/W3010688632","https://openalex.org/W3024889886","https://openalex.org/W3026316716","https://openalex.org/W3035333819","https://openalex.org/W3036713860","https://openalex.org/W3049039748","https://openalex.org/W3081968722","https://openalex.org/W3091074923","https://openalex.org/W3091392488","https://openalex.org/W3127990383","https://openalex.org/W3156313549","https://openalex.org/W3158420105","https://openalex.org/W3165685657","https://openalex.org/W3188824159","https://openalex.org/W3195373382","https://openalex.org/W3196308418","https://openalex.org/W4210894459","https://openalex.org/W4229003689","https://openalex.org/W4284898519","https://openalex.org/W4306174766","https://openalex.org/W4310073867","https://openalex.org/W4376528501","https://openalex.org/W4387250126","https://openalex.org/W4389152113","https://openalex.org/W4399389167","https://openalex.org/W4400247933","https://openalex.org/W6603828496","https://openalex.org/W6775515624","https://openalex.org/W6783857084"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4245926026","https://openalex.org/W4311097251","https://openalex.org/W2586548817","https://openalex.org/W2625093826","https://openalex.org/W4200598720","https://openalex.org/W4324372666","https://openalex.org/W4225706866","https://openalex.org/W2914646191","https://openalex.org/W3023564924","https://openalex.org/W2942586735"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Introduction":[0],"The":[1,85,186,217,239],"accurate":[2],"and":[3,44,68,106,129,164,176,188,205],"timely":[4],"diagnosis":[5],"of":[6,55,87,166,179,190,212,265],"skin":[7,15,244],"diseases":[8,16],"is":[9,91,224],"a":[10,60],"critical":[11],"concern,":[12],"as":[13,39,59,200,257],"many":[14],"exhibit":[17],"similar":[18],"symptoms":[19],"in":[20,63,150,182,246],"the":[21,53,88,94,99,103,109,112,116,126,131,137,141,162,167,172,177,183,191,210,213,221,227,232,253,263],"early":[22],"stages.":[23],"Most":[24],"existing":[25],"automated":[26],"detection/classification":[27],"approaches":[28],"that":[29,75],"utilize":[30],"machine":[31],"learning":[32,35,78],"or":[33],"deep":[34],"poses":[36],"privacy":[37,54],"issues,":[38],"they":[40],"involve":[41],"centralized":[42,134],"computing":[43],"require":[45],"local":[46],"storage":[47],"for":[48,133],"data":[49,58,96,123,260],"training.":[50],"Methods":[51],"Keeping":[52],"sensitive":[56,95],"patient":[57],"primary":[61],"objective,":[62],"addition":[64],"to":[65,92,111],"ensuring":[66],"accuracy":[67,187,218,264],"efficiency,":[69],"this":[70,157],"paper":[71,158],"presents":[72],"an":[73,81],"algorithm":[74,193,223],"integrates":[76],"Federated":[77],"techniques":[79],"into":[80],"IoT-based":[82],"edge-computing":[83],"environment.":[84],"purpose":[86],"proposed":[89,138,192,222,240],"technique":[90],"protect":[93],"by":[97,220],"training":[98,267],"model":[100,228,241,254],"locally":[101],"on":[102,161],"edge":[104,127],"device":[105],"transferring":[107],"only":[108],"weights":[110],"central":[113],"server":[114],"where":[115],"aggregation":[117],"takes":[118],"place.":[119],"This":[120],"process":[121],"ensures":[122],"security":[124],"at":[125],"level":[128],"eliminates":[130],"need":[132],"storage.":[135],"Furthermore,":[136],"framework":[139],"enhances":[140],"network\u2019s":[142],"real-time":[143],"processing":[144,173],"capabilities":[145],"using":[146,196],"IoT-integrated":[147],"sensors,":[148],"which":[149,170],"turn":[151],"facilitates":[152],"swift":[153],"diagnoses.":[154],"In":[155],"addition,":[156],"also":[159],"focuses":[160],"design":[163],"execution":[165],"federated":[168,215,251],"framework,":[169],"includes":[171],"power,":[174],"memory,":[175],"number":[178],"nodes":[180],"present":[181],"network.":[184],"Results":[185],"effectiveness":[189],"are":[194],"demonstrated":[195],"precise":[197],"parameters,":[198],"such":[199],"accuracy,":[201],"precision,":[202],"f":[203],"1-score,":[204],"recall,":[206],"along":[207],"with":[208,250],"all":[209],"intricacies":[211],"secure":[214],"approach.":[216],"achieved":[219],"98.6%.":[225],"As":[226],"was":[229,235],"trained":[230],"locally,":[231],"bandwidth":[233],"utilization":[234],"almost":[236],"negligible.":[237],"Discussion":[238],"can":[242],"assist":[243],"specialists":[245],"diagnosing":[247],"conditions.":[248],"Additionally,":[249],"learning,":[252],"continuously":[255],"improves":[256],"new":[258],"input":[259],"accumulates,":[261],"enhancing":[262],"subsequent":[266],"rounds.":[268]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
