{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405450590","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2024.1499490","title":"How universities teach cybersecurity courses online: a systematic literature review","display_name":"How universities teach cybersecurity courses online: a systematic literature review","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-12-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405450590","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2024.1499490"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fcomp.2024.1499490","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2024.1499490","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/computer-science/articles/10.3389/fcomp.2024.1499490/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210211086","display_name":"Frontiers in Computer Science","issn_l":"2624-9898","issn":["2624-9898"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/computer-science/articles/10.3389/fcomp.2024.1499490/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011234134","display_name":"Ali Ahmed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7370-3044"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179311214","display_name":"Gulf University for Science & Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04d9rzd67","country_code":"KW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179311214"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41156924","display_name":"Victoria University of Wellington","ror":"https://ror.org/0040r6f76","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41156924"]}],"countries":["KW","NZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ali Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Applied Mathematics and Bioinformatics (CAMB), Computer Science Department, Gulf University for Science and Technology, Hawally, Kuwait","School of Engineering and Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Applied Mathematics and Bioinformatics (CAMB), Computer Science Department, Gulf University for Science and Technology, Hawally, Kuwait","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179311214"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41156924"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075362483","display_name":"Craig Watterson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9471-6015"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41156924","display_name":"Victoria University of Wellington","ror":"https://ror.org/0040r6f76","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41156924"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Craig Watterson","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41156924"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024500988","display_name":"Saadat M. Alhashmi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4044-9315"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29891158","display_name":"University of Sharjah","ror":"https://ror.org/00engpz63","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29891158"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saadat Alhashmi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems, College of Computing and Informatics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems, College of Computing and Informatics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29891158"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016711703","display_name":"Tarek Gaber","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4065-4191"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I54459138","display_name":"University of Salford","ror":"https://ror.org/01tmqtf75","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I54459138"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tarek Gaber","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Science, Engineering, and Environment, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science, Engineering, and Environment, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I54459138"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011234134"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179311214","https://openalex.org/I41156924"],"apc_list":{"value":1150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1150},"apc_paid":{"value":1150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1150},"fwci":8.8745,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97780416,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9785000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9785000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/popularity","display_name":"Popularity","score":0.7841037511825562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic review","score":0.6721688508987427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/best-practice","display_name":"Best practice","score":0.4729974865913391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.46571969985961914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4577350616455078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.32622385025024414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.23124852776527405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.20486214756965637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.12923702597618103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medline","display_name":"MEDLINE","score":0.09359478950500488}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1357284","display_name":"Popularity","level":2,"score":0.7841037511825562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.6721688508987427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184356942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830382","display_name":"Best practice","level":2,"score":0.4729974865913391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.46571969985961914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4577350616455078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.32622385025024414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.23124852776527405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.20486214756965637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.12923702597618103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.09359478950500488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fcomp.2024.1499490","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2024.1499490","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/computer-science/articles/10.3389/fcomp.2024.1499490/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210211086","display_name":"Frontiers in Computer Science","issn_l":"2624-9898","issn":["2624-9898"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2ac2d331918d412ca2f4f1558da05555","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2ac2d331918d412ca2f4f1558da05555","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Computer Science, Vol 6 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fcomp.2024.1499490","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2024.1499490","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/computer-science/articles/10.3389/fcomp.2024.1499490/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210211086","display_name":"Frontiers in Computer Science","issn_l":"2624-9898","issn":["2624-9898"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.4399999976158142}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4405450590.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4405450590.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":74,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2012932483","https://openalex.org/W2049220562","https://openalex.org/W2237718773","https://openalex.org/W2244731088","https://openalex.org/W2737211742","https://openalex.org/W2745184686","https://openalex.org/W2790183882","https://openalex.org/W2888144534","https://openalex.org/W2945738358","https://openalex.org/W2966290787","https://openalex.org/W2975354210","https://openalex.org/W3033342162","https://openalex.org/W3049401039","https://openalex.org/W3085727676","https://openalex.org/W3086073204","https://openalex.org/W3105025058","https://openalex.org/W3109064800","https://openalex.org/W3113195181","https://openalex.org/W3116155835","https://openalex.org/W3122365888","https://openalex.org/W3126989413","https://openalex.org/W3168986903","https://openalex.org/W3175507383","https://openalex.org/W3176799426","https://openalex.org/W3182972399","https://openalex.org/W3197111139","https://openalex.org/W3198549320","https://openalex.org/W3209313278","https://openalex.org/W3214432701","https://openalex.org/W4200057415","https://openalex.org/W4200332551","https://openalex.org/W4220973199","https://openalex.org/W4249238027","https://openalex.org/W4282826205","https://openalex.org/W4286258740","https://openalex.org/W4286375128","https://openalex.org/W4288083638","https://openalex.org/W4309969509","https://openalex.org/W4310337043","https://openalex.org/W4310354035","https://openalex.org/W4310357380","https://openalex.org/W4317515573","https://openalex.org/W4323543629","https://openalex.org/W4324332679","https://openalex.org/W4352996070","https://openalex.org/W4366607488","https://openalex.org/W4378696739","https://openalex.org/W4380356444","https://openalex.org/W4386554339","https://openalex.org/W4386815964","https://openalex.org/W4388229062","https://openalex.org/W4389000648","https://openalex.org/W4390117110","https://openalex.org/W4390488777","https://openalex.org/W4390738675","https://openalex.org/W4391752660","https://openalex.org/W4392186487","https://openalex.org/W4392186969","https://openalex.org/W4392564686","https://openalex.org/W4393092507","https://openalex.org/W4393285698","https://openalex.org/W4394667867","https://openalex.org/W4394892038","https://openalex.org/W4394947126","https://openalex.org/W6741234364","https://openalex.org/W6753938412","https://openalex.org/W6783994046","https://openalex.org/W6788649165","https://openalex.org/W6799877116","https://openalex.org/W6800731533","https://openalex.org/W6847012320","https://openalex.org/W6850095850","https://openalex.org/W6862236828","https://openalex.org/W6864055466"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2368605798","https://openalex.org/W2518037665","https://openalex.org/W2348524959","https://openalex.org/W2477036161","https://openalex.org/W2368049389","https://openalex.org/W2384861574","https://openalex.org/W4294565801","https://openalex.org/W2170801710","https://openalex.org/W2952704802","https://openalex.org/W2741781807"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Introduction":[0],"Distance":[1],"learning":[2,183,277,294],"has":[3],"seen":[4],"a":[5,50,72,122,144,242,256,339],"significant":[6,340],"increase":[7],"as":[8],"educational":[9],"institutions":[10,19,35],"have":[11],"shifted":[12],"toward":[13],"offering":[14],"online":[15,29,43,58,81,173,248,253,270,282,334],"courses.":[16,175],"Although":[17],"some":[18],"quickly":[20],"adapted,":[21],"many":[22],"struggled":[23],"to":[24,63,103,107,129,139,147,273],"modify":[25],"traditional":[26],"materials":[27],"for":[28,34,46,133],"learners.":[30],"Time":[31],"was":[32,220],"crucial":[33],"lacking":[36],"experience":[37],"in":[38,154,252],"remote":[39],"teaching.":[40],"Designing":[41],"engaging":[42],"cybersecurity":[44,82,115,174,249,271,283],"modules":[45],"diverse":[47],"students":[48],"is":[49,61],"major":[51],"challenge.":[52],"With":[53],"the":[54,65,77,87,90,130,134,170,246,321],"growing":[55],"popularity":[56],"of":[57,80,125,172,217,245,281,323],"courses,":[59],"it":[60,259],"necessary":[62],"examine":[64],"teaching":[66,275],"methods":[67,189,303],"used.":[68],"This":[69,100,238],"paper":[70],"presents":[71],"systematic":[73,123,152,239],"literature":[74],"review":[75,124,164,240,280],"on":[76,111,169,320],"current":[78,247],"state":[79],"education":[83,250,284],"at":[84],"universities.":[85,254],"Using":[86],"PRISMA":[88,131,142],"approach,":[89],"study":[91,101],"identifies":[92],"prevalent":[93],"themes":[94],"and":[95,150,159,184,195,201,209,226,233,262,276,296,309,315,326,333,346,354],"addresses":[96],"key":[97,109,167,287],"research":[98],"questions.":[99],"aims":[102],"analyze":[104],"academic":[105],"articles":[106],"highlight":[108],"findings":[110,168],"how":[112],"universities":[113],"teach":[114],"courses":[116],"online.":[117],"Methods":[118],"The":[119,163,215,279],"authors":[120],"conducted":[121],"scholarly":[126],"articles,":[127],"adhering":[128],"approach":[132,146],"period":[135],"from":[136],"January":[137],"2010":[138],"August":[140],"2024.":[141],"offers":[143,260],"structured":[145],"planning,":[148],"executing,":[149],"reporting":[151],"reviews":[153],"various":[155],"fields,":[156],"including":[157],"healthcare":[158],"social":[160],"sciences.":[161],"Results":[162],"revealed":[165],"several":[166,286],"design":[171],"Learner-centered":[176,289],"approaches":[177],"were":[178,299],"commonly":[179],"used,":[180],"featuring":[181],"active":[182,235,293,355],"practical":[185,206,297,324,331],"applications.":[186],"Effective":[187,301],"instructional":[188,302],"included":[190,304],"collaborative":[191,305],"learning,":[192,306],"case":[193,307],"studies,":[194,308],"simulations,":[196,310],"which":[197,291,311],"promoted":[198],"student":[199,313],"engagement":[200,314],"critical":[202,316],"thinking.":[203,317],"Universities":[204],"emphasize":[205],"skills":[207,325],"evaluation":[208],"knowledge":[210],"acquisition":[211,322],"through":[212],"project-based":[213,329],"assessments.":[214],"role":[216],"IT":[218,336],"tools":[219,337],"highlighted,":[221],"with":[222,342],"virtual":[223,343],"laboratories,":[224,344],"gamification,":[225,345],"simulations":[227],"providing":[228],"hands-on":[229,351],"experiences,":[230,352],"enhancing":[231],"motivation,":[232,353],"facilitating":[234],"learning.":[236,356],"Discussion":[237],"provides":[241],"comprehensive":[243],"overview":[244],"practices":[251,295],"As":[255],"pioneering":[257],"effort,":[258],"educators":[261],"curriculum":[263],"developers":[264],"valuable":[265],"insight":[266],"into":[267],"designing":[268],"effective":[269],"programmes":[272],"enhance":[274],"practices.":[278],"highlighted":[285],"findings.":[288],"approaches,":[290],"incorporate":[292],"applications,":[298],"prevalent.":[300],"fostered":[312],"Assessments":[318],"focused":[319],"knowledge,":[327],"using":[328],"tasks,":[330],"exercises,":[332],"quizzes.":[335],"played":[338],"role,":[341],"simulation":[347],"environments":[348],"that":[349],"enhanced":[350]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-06-18T10:00:31.954636","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
