{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403606304","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2024.1465352","title":"FedNIC: enhancing privacy-preserving federated learning via homomorphic encryption offload on SmartNIC","display_name":"FedNIC: enhancing privacy-preserving federated learning via homomorphic encryption offload on SmartNIC","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403606304","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2024.1465352"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fcomp.2024.1465352","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2024.1465352","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/computer-science/articles/10.3389/fcomp.2024.1465352/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210211086","display_name":"Frontiers in Computer Science","issn_l":"2624-9898","issn":["2624-9898"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/computer-science/articles/10.3389/fcomp.2024.1465352/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030963373","display_name":"Sean Choi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16269868","display_name":"Santa Clara University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ypqe447","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16269868"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sean Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cloud Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cloud Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16269868"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104212174","display_name":"Disha Patel","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16269868","display_name":"Santa Clara University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ypqe447","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16269868"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Disha Patel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cloud Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cloud Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16269868"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054726374","display_name":"Diman Zad Tootaghaj","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3664-4484"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122178","display_name":"Hewlett Packard Enterprise (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/020x0c621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122178"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Diman Zad Tootaghaj","raw_affiliation_strings":["Networking and Distributed Systems Lab, Hewlett Packard Labs, Hewlett Packard Enterprises, San Jose, CA, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Networking and Distributed Systems Lab, Hewlett Packard Labs, Hewlett Packard Enterprises, San Jose, CA, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122178"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014789149","display_name":"Lianjie Cao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122178","display_name":"Hewlett Packard Enterprise (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/020x0c621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122178"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lianjie Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Networking and Distributed Systems Lab, Hewlett Packard Labs, Hewlett Packard Enterprises, San Jose, CA, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Networking and Distributed Systems Lab, Hewlett Packard Labs, Hewlett Packard Enterprises, San Jose, CA, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122178"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068316340","display_name":"Faraz Ahmed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5986-9777"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122178","display_name":"Hewlett Packard Enterprise (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/020x0c621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122178"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Faraz Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Networking and Distributed Systems Lab, Hewlett Packard Labs, Hewlett Packard Enterprises, San Jose, CA, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Networking and Distributed Systems Lab, Hewlett Packard Labs, Hewlett Packard Enterprises, San Jose, CA, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122178"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101915392","display_name":"Puneet Sharma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4594-8164"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210122178","display_name":"Hewlett Packard Enterprise (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/020x0c621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122178"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Puneet Sharma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Networking and Distributed Systems Lab, Hewlett Packard Labs, Hewlett Packard Enterprises, San Jose, CA, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Networking and Distributed Systems Lab, Hewlett Packard Labs, Hewlett Packard Enterprises, San Jose, CA, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210122178"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5030963373"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16269868"],"apc_list":{"value":1150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1150},"apc_paid":{"value":1150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1150},"fwci":3.4616,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93515241,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11612","display_name":"Stochastic Gradient Optimization Techniques","score":0.9919000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homomorphic-encryption","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","score":0.957834005355835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7213886976242065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.6833206415176392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.47245362401008606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.44902265071868896}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158338273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154943","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","level":3,"score":0.957834005355835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7213886976242065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.6833206415176392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.47245362401008606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.44902265071868896}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fcomp.2024.1465352","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2024.1465352","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/computer-science/articles/10.3389/fcomp.2024.1465352/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210211086","display_name":"Frontiers in Computer Science","issn_l":"2624-9898","issn":["2624-9898"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1a11a6ca9ed9439f8f7e1f72397ac71a","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1a11a6ca9ed9439f8f7e1f72397ac71a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Computer Science, Vol 6 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fcomp.2024.1465352","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2024.1465352","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/computer-science/articles/10.3389/fcomp.2024.1465352/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210211086","display_name":"Frontiers in Computer Science","issn_l":"2624-9898","issn":["2624-9898"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4403606304.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":63,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W95608104","https://openalex.org/W913176383","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2132172731","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2226167778","https://openalex.org/W2734941459","https://openalex.org/W2752689052","https://openalex.org/W2767079719","https://openalex.org/W2768174108","https://openalex.org/W2902114605","https://openalex.org/W2902229711","https://openalex.org/W2963819344","https://openalex.org/W2970606380","https://openalex.org/W2978648093","https://openalex.org/W3037871107","https://openalex.org/W3044097461","https://openalex.org/W3044211235","https://openalex.org/W3116767319","https://openalex.org/W3137135510","https://openalex.org/W3140753276","https://openalex.org/W3198069777","https://openalex.org/W3212932635","https://openalex.org/W4285073103","https://openalex.org/W4287931873","https://openalex.org/W4289147229","https://openalex.org/W4293237476","https://openalex.org/W4295312788","https://openalex.org/W4299283926","https://openalex.org/W4308090459","https://openalex.org/W4312705808","https://openalex.org/W4321185082","https://openalex.org/W4353007060","https://openalex.org/W4360594753","https://openalex.org/W4360831809","https://openalex.org/W4362714373","https://openalex.org/W4381786605","https://openalex.org/W4382655574","https://openalex.org/W4387834786","https://openalex.org/W4389575846","https://openalex.org/W4391529322","https://openalex.org/W4401863166","https://openalex.org/W6675354045","https://openalex.org/W6682976552","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6728757088","https://openalex.org/W6743821447","https://openalex.org/W6750782330","https://openalex.org/W6756680320","https://openalex.org/W6756756286","https://openalex.org/W6760703128","https://openalex.org/W6764838729","https://openalex.org/W6766978945","https://openalex.org/W6773976177","https://openalex.org/W6775563089","https://openalex.org/W6780438843","https://openalex.org/W6780578543","https://openalex.org/W6781232731","https://openalex.org/W6792106764","https://openalex.org/W6793226373","https://openalex.org/W6794216301","https://openalex.org/W6803156910","https://openalex.org/W6851532263"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2539930818","https://openalex.org/W4393118461","https://openalex.org/W4390664647","https://openalex.org/W3012147850","https://openalex.org/W4313300189","https://openalex.org/W2949835517","https://openalex.org/W2601739120"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Federated":[0],"learning":[1,13,286,304],"(FL)":[2],"has":[3],"emerged":[4],"as":[5,81,157,279],"a":[6,70,136,241,263,298],"promising":[7,291],"paradigm":[8],"for":[9,126,174,297],"secure":[10,194,243,300],"distributed":[11],"machine":[12],"model":[14,22,90,250],"training":[15,23,269],"across":[16,29],"multiple":[17],"clients":[18],"or":[19],"devices,":[20],"enabling":[21],"without":[24],"having":[25],"to":[26,41,59,85,95,100,146,186,254],"share":[27],"data":[28,42,50],"the":[30,49,65,184,189,197,203,206,223,231,272],"clients.":[31],"However,":[32],"recent":[33],"studies":[34],"revealed":[35],"that":[36,104,122,221],"FL":[37,208,217,244],"could":[38],"be":[39,124],"vulnerable":[40],"leakage":[43],"and":[44,63,87,115,170,234,252,274,294,301],"reconstruction":[45],"attacks":[46],"even":[47,195],"if":[48,196],"itself":[51],"are":[52,109],"never":[53],"shared":[54],"with":[55,226,246,262],"another":[56,187],"client.":[57],"Thus,":[58],"resolve":[60],"such":[61,80,211],"vulnerability":[62],"improve":[64],"privacy":[66],"of":[67,72,118,151,164,191,205,230,276],"all":[68],"clients,":[69],"class":[71],"techniques,":[73,79],"called":[74],"privacy-preserving":[75,152,302],"FL,":[76],"incorporates":[77],"encryption":[78,83,105,182,192,281],"homomorphic":[82],"(HE),":[84],"encrypt":[86],"fully":[88],"protect":[89],"information":[91],"from":[92,183],"being":[93],"exposed":[94],"other":[96,127,171],"parties.":[97],"A":[98],"downside":[99],"this":[101,131,133,213],"approach":[102,138],"is":[103,199],"schemes":[106],"like":[107],"HE":[108,149,165],"very":[110],"compute-intensive,":[111],"often":[112],"causing":[113],"inefficient":[114],"excessive":[116],"use":[117],"client":[119],"CPU":[120,168,259],"resources":[121,173],"can":[123],"used":[125],"uses.":[128],"To":[129],"alleviate":[130],"issue,":[132],"study":[134,293],"introduces":[135],"novel":[137],"by":[139,180],"leveraging":[140],"smart":[141],"network":[142],"interface":[143],"cards":[144],"(SmartNICs)":[145],"offload":[147,282],"compute-intensive":[148],"operations":[150],"FL.":[153],"By":[154],"employing":[155],"SmartNICs":[156,278],"hardware":[158],"accelerators,":[159],"we":[160,289],"enable":[161],"efficient":[162],"computation":[163],"while":[166],"saving":[167],"cycles":[169],"server":[172],"more":[175,242,299],"critical":[176],"tasks.":[177],"In":[178],"addition,":[179],"offloading":[181],"host":[185,198,258],"device,":[188],"details":[190],"remain":[193],"compromised,":[200],"ultimately":[201],"improving":[202],"security":[204],"entire":[207],"system.":[209,305],"Given":[210],"benefits,":[212],"paper":[214],"presents":[215],"an":[216,227,280],"system":[218,245],"named":[219],"FedNIC":[220],"implements":[222],"above":[224],"approach,":[225],"in-depth":[228],"description":[229],"architecture,":[232],"implementation,":[233],"performance":[235],"evaluations.":[236],"Our":[237],"experimental":[238],"results":[239],"demonstrate":[240],"no":[247],"loss":[248],"in":[249,256,267,284],"accuracy":[251],"up":[253],"25%":[255],"reduced":[257],"cycle,":[260],"but":[261],"roughly":[264],"46%":[265],"increase":[266],"total":[268],"time,":[270],"showing":[271],"feasibility":[273],"tradeoffs":[275],"utilizing":[277],"device":[283],"federated":[285,303],"scenarios.":[287],"Finally,":[288],"illustrate":[290],"future":[292],"potential":[295],"optimizations":[296]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}