{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4381930088","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2023.1032440","title":"Deep learning and gradient-based extraction of bug report features related to bug fixing time","display_name":"Deep learning and gradient-based extraction of bug report features related to bug fixing time","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4381930088","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2023.1032440"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fcomp.2023.1032440","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2023.1032440","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcomp.2023.1032440/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210211086","display_name":"Frontiers in Computer Science","issn_l":"2624-9898","issn":["2624-9898"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcomp.2023.1032440/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071126167","display_name":"Yuki Noyori","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1811-660X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150744194","display_name":"Waseda University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ntfnx83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65143321","display_name":"Hitachi (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/02exqgm79","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65143321"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yuki Noyori","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan","Research & Development Group, Hitachi, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research & Development Group, Hitachi, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65143321"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033111691","display_name":"Hironori Washizaki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1417-9879"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150744194","display_name":"Waseda University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ntfnx83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hironori Washizaki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088654194","display_name":"Yoshiaki Fukazawa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0196-2108"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150744194","display_name":"Waseda University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ntfnx83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yoshiaki Fukazawa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150744194"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070036476","display_name":"Keishi Ooshima","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65143321","display_name":"Hitachi (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/02exqgm79","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65143321"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keishi Ooshima","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research & Development Group, Hitachi, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research & Development Group, Hitachi, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65143321"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032822998","display_name":"Hideyuki Kanuka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8560-8714"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65143321","display_name":"Hitachi (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/02exqgm79","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65143321"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hideyuki Kanuka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research & Development Group, Hitachi, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research & Development Group, Hitachi, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65143321"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025446368","display_name":"Shuhei Nojiri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9916-1688"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65143321","display_name":"Hitachi (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/02exqgm79","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65143321"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuhei Nojiri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research & Development Group, Hitachi, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research & Development Group, Hitachi, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65143321"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5071126167"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150744194","https://openalex.org/I65143321"],"apc_list":{"value":1285,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1285},"apc_paid":{"value":1285,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1285},"fwci":1.7582,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88096524,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9495000243186951,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7506016492843628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6595852375030518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trace","display_name":"TRACE (psycholinguistics)","score":0.5603203177452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5482722520828247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.5146421194076538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.5122863054275513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4830930233001709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abstraction","display_name":"Abstraction","score":0.4666583240032196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.4560205936431885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.429198294878006}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7506016492843628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6595852375030518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75291252","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1315756","display_name":"TRACE (psycholinguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5603203177452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5482722520828247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.5146421194076538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.5122863054275513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4830930233001709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124304363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q673661","display_name":"Abstraction","level":2,"score":0.4666583240032196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4560205936431885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.429198294878006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fcomp.2023.1032440","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2023.1032440","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcomp.2023.1032440/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210211086","display_name":"Frontiers in Computer Science","issn_l":"2624-9898","issn":["2624-9898"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5bb665ae2fae4637b448c3f5db3b815d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5bb665ae2fae4637b448c3f5db3b815d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Computer Science, Vol 5 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fcomp.2023.1032440","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2023.1032440","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcomp.2023.1032440/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210211086","display_name":"Frontiers in Computer Science","issn_l":"2624-9898","issn":["2624-9898"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Computer Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6600000262260437}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2882449401","display_name":"Foundation for data-driven software maintenance and evolution augmented by machine learning","funder_award_id":"21KK0179","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4381930088.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2060526416","https://openalex.org/W2120615054","https://openalex.org/W2135303064","https://openalex.org/W2144354855","https://openalex.org/W2164577291","https://openalex.org/W2539046673","https://openalex.org/W2760127551","https://openalex.org/W2937423263","https://openalex.org/W2999805442","https://openalex.org/W3013735384","https://openalex.org/W3037686829","https://openalex.org/W3085062472","https://openalex.org/W3105625590","https://openalex.org/W3118316175","https://openalex.org/W3149438326","https://openalex.org/W3156333129","https://openalex.org/W4210877918","https://openalex.org/W4239249613","https://openalex.org/W4240306659","https://openalex.org/W4241395538","https://openalex.org/W4241789658","https://openalex.org/W4245551996","https://openalex.org/W4249952836","https://openalex.org/W4254388329","https://openalex.org/W4286544524","https://openalex.org/W4298355889","https://openalex.org/W4364355697","https://openalex.org/W6634792971","https://openalex.org/W6641296277","https://openalex.org/W6675685762","https://openalex.org/W6677552931","https://openalex.org/W6679635262","https://openalex.org/W6688533166","https://openalex.org/W6706574701","https://openalex.org/W6740134754","https://openalex.org/W6742882946","https://openalex.org/W6745708738","https://openalex.org/W6753702947","https://openalex.org/W6766187063","https://openalex.org/W6766263406","https://openalex.org/W6784573094","https://openalex.org/W6784854978","https://openalex.org/W6799778976","https://openalex.org/W6805347301","https://openalex.org/W7070864500"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2068608913","https://openalex.org/W2045155990","https://openalex.org/W4313163053","https://openalex.org/W4293226380","https://openalex.org/W3124914020","https://openalex.org/W3045811229","https://openalex.org/W4300973204","https://openalex.org/W2131958170","https://openalex.org/W2141033859","https://openalex.org/W126139558"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Bug":[0,168],"reports":[1,144,169],"typically":[2],"contain":[3],"detailed":[4],"descriptions":[5,25],"of":[6,12,45,73,109,150],"failures,":[7],"hints":[8],"at":[9],"the":[10,13,43,71,106,113,120,123,135,153,158],"location":[11],"corresponding":[14],"defects,":[15],"and":[16,26,63,79,102,161],"discussions.":[17,27],"Developers":[18],"usually":[19],"resolve":[20],"bugs":[21],"using":[22],"comments":[23,46,74],"in":[24,88,119,157],"The":[28],"time":[29,50,78,184],"to":[30,69],"fix":[31],"a":[32,58,89,180],"bug":[33,40,48,76,90,100,143,165,172,182],"varies":[34],"greatly.":[35],"Previous":[36],"studies":[37],"have":[38],"investigated":[39],"reports,":[41,101],"but":[42],"influence":[44],"on":[47,75],"fixing":[49,77,166,173,183],"is":[51],"not":[52],"well":[53],"understood.":[54],"This":[55],"study":[56],"adopts":[57],"convolutional":[59],"neural":[60],"network":[61],"(CNN)":[62],"gradient-based":[64],"visualization":[65,154],"approach":[66],"called":[67],"Grad-cam":[68,104],"elucidate":[70],"impact":[72],"extract":[80],"features.":[81],"A":[82],"feature":[83],"represents":[84],"an":[85,133,148],"observed":[86],"characteristic":[87],"report":[91],"when":[92],"processing":[93],"via":[94],"deep":[95],"learning.":[96],"Specifically,":[97],"CNN":[98,110],"classifies":[99],"then":[103],"visualizes":[105],"decision":[107],"basis":[108],"by":[111,130,164],"identifying":[112],"top":[114],"10":[115],"word":[116,127,162],"sequences":[117,128],"used":[118],"prediction.":[121],"Here,":[122],"features":[124],"are":[125,175,185],"major":[126],"extracted":[129],"Grad-cam.":[131],"In":[132],"experiment,":[134],"proposed":[136],"method":[137],"classified":[138],"more":[139],"than":[140],"36,000":[141],"actual":[142],"from":[145],"Bugzilla":[146],"with":[147,170,179],"accuracy":[149],"75%\u201380%.":[151],"Additionally,":[152],"highlighted":[155],"differences":[156],"stack":[159],"trace":[160],"abstraction":[163],"time.":[167],"short":[171],"times":[174],"concrete,":[176],"whereas":[177],"those":[178],"long":[181],"abstract.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}