{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7118720568","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbloc.2025.1724292","title":"Defeasible logic reasoner to support legal reasoning in smart contracts on blockchain","display_name":"Defeasible logic reasoner to support legal reasoning in smart contracts on blockchain","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7118720568","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbloc.2025.1724292"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fbloc.2025.1724292","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbloc.2025.1724292","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210212584","display_name":"Frontiers in Blockchain","issn_l":"2624-7852","issn":["2624-7852"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Blockchain","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbloc.2025.1724292","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012113340","display_name":"Marko Markovi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4373-9529"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170726198","display_name":"University of Novi Sad","ror":"https://ror.org/00xa57a59","country_code":"RS","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170726198"]}],"countries":["RS"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marko Markovi\u0107","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170726198"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085617015","display_name":"Stevan Gostoji\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4458-3565"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170726198","display_name":"University of Novi Sad","ror":"https://ror.org/00xa57a59","country_code":"RS","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170726198"]}],"countries":["RS"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stevan Gostoji\u0107","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170726198"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170726198"],"apc_list":{"value":1150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1150},"apc_paid":{"value":1150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1150},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.01515936,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.6207000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.6207000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10456","display_name":"Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation","score":0.06589999794960022,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13758","display_name":"Energy Law and Policy","score":0.028599999845027924,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/defeasible-reasoning","display_name":"Defeasible reasoning","score":0.7495999932289124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-reasoner","display_name":"Semantic reasoner","score":0.720300018787384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-contract","display_name":"Smart contract","score":0.5414000153541565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transparency","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","score":0.4738999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legal-aspects-of-computing","display_name":"Legal aspects of computing","score":0.4675999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4537000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.42969998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-based-reasoning","display_name":"Model-based reasoning","score":0.4174000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.4081999957561493}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140843580","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840067","display_name":"Defeasible reasoning","level":2,"score":0.7495999932289124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9616225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3929429","display_name":"Semantic reasoner","level":2,"score":0.720300018787384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6496000289916992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779950589","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7544035","display_name":"Smart contract","level":3,"score":0.5414000153541565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.4738999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67497173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q977345","display_name":"Legal aspects of computing","level":3,"score":0.4675999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4537000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.42969998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37335422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888134","display_name":"Model-based reasoning","level":3,"score":0.4174000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.4081999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.4072999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.39959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195344581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2555318","display_name":"Automated reasoning","level":2,"score":0.3952000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6377922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q302542","display_name":"Deontic logic","level":2,"score":0.3903000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192906763","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3376512","display_name":"Practical reason","level":2,"score":0.385699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89288958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7301504","display_name":"Reasoning system","level":2,"score":0.36910000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3345000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193856179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5251100","display_name":"Defeasible estate","level":2,"score":0.33090001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.322299987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97364631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484284","display_name":"Deductive reasoning","level":2,"score":0.3221000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20162079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1151406","display_name":"Case-based reasoning","level":2,"score":0.2939999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103057564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4751139","display_name":"Analytic reasoning","level":3,"score":0.2858000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159032336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2488768","display_name":"Non-monotonic logic","level":2,"score":0.28439998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86827895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7098582","display_name":"Opportunistic reasoning","level":4,"score":0.26969999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C503263630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3655952","display_name":"Legal ethics","level":2,"score":0.26919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.26460000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105002631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4833645","display_name":"Subject-matter expert","level":3,"score":0.2614000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161301231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3478658","display_name":"Knowledge representation and reasoning","level":2,"score":0.2599000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166088908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q308495","display_name":"Abductive reasoning","level":2,"score":0.25780001282691956}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fbloc.2025.1724292","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbloc.2025.1724292","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210212584","display_name":"Frontiers in Blockchain","issn_l":"2624-7852","issn":["2624-7852"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Blockchain","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:55facda3838c40b2ad4343620dccef18","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/55facda3838c40b2ad4343620dccef18","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Blockchain, Vol 8 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fbloc.2025.1724292","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbloc.2025.1724292","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210212584","display_name":"Frontiers in Blockchain","issn_l":"2624-7852","issn":["2624-7852"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Blockchain","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1481132118","https://openalex.org/W1969344535","https://openalex.org/W2118078906","https://openalex.org/W2762995172","https://openalex.org/W2794161035","https://openalex.org/W3148852035","https://openalex.org/W3155602733","https://openalex.org/W4232308400","https://openalex.org/W4238468123","https://openalex.org/W4285277283","https://openalex.org/W4289302906","https://openalex.org/W4376867729","https://openalex.org/W4383682206","https://openalex.org/W4391937168","https://openalex.org/W4400303336","https://openalex.org/W4404526514","https://openalex.org/W4405479590","https://openalex.org/W4408876802","https://openalex.org/W4411488502","https://openalex.org/W4411921400"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,115],"introduction":[1],"of":[2,15,25,71,131,205,215,221],"information":[3],"and":[4,27,36,41,83,135,161,191,202,208],"communication":[5],"technologies":[6],"in":[7,18,73,111,119,195,231],"the":[8,13,19,23,65,112,125,129,164,180,200,216,222],"legal":[9,20,47,81,87,95,113,168,186,193],"domain":[10],"has":[11],"enabled":[12],"automation":[14,72],"some":[16],"activities":[17],"profession.":[21],"With":[22],"advent":[24],"blockchain":[26,126,165],"smart":[28,51,74,99,159],"contracts,":[29],"new":[30],"tools":[31],"have":[32],"emerged":[33],"for":[34,86,98,108,211],"lawyers":[35],"their":[37],"clients,":[38],"enhancing":[39],"transparency":[40],"increasing":[42],"trust":[43],"compared":[44],"to":[45,56,58,78,137,183,188,228],"traditional":[46],"instruments.":[48],"Once":[49],"deployed,":[50],"contracts":[52,75,100],"should":[53],"be":[54,155,229],"able":[55],"respond":[57],"various":[59],"events":[60],"that":[61,101,226],"can":[62,154,178],"occur":[63],"during":[64],"contract\u2019s":[66],"lifecycle.":[67],"However,":[68],"this":[69,90,206],"kind":[70],"requires":[76],"them":[77],"embed":[79],"necessary":[80],"knowledge":[82],"implement":[84],"support":[85],"reasoning.":[88],"In":[89],"paper,":[91],"we":[92,145,172,224],"propose":[93],"a":[94,105,158,167],"reasoning":[96,110,117,169,181,217],"method":[97,207],"incorporates":[102],"defeasible":[103],"logic,":[104],"key":[106],"requirement":[107],"automated":[109],"domain.":[114],"entire":[116],"process":[118],"our":[120,143],"approach":[121],"is":[122,219],"performed":[123],"on":[124,163],"infrastructure,":[127],"making":[128],"drawing":[130],"conclusions":[132,190],"fully":[133],"transparent":[134],"accessible":[136],"all":[138],"interested":[139],"parties.":[140],"To":[141],"demonstrate":[142],"concept,":[144],"illustrate":[146],"how":[147,174],"certain":[148],"rights":[149],"prescribed":[150],"under":[151],"labour":[152],"law":[153],"embedded":[156],"within":[157],"contract":[160,177,182],"deployed":[162],"as":[166],"service.":[170],"Then,":[171],"show":[173],"an":[175],"employment":[176],"use":[179],"automatically":[184],"apply":[185],"norms":[187],"infer":[189],"determine":[192],"consequences":[194],"particular":[196],"cases.":[197],"We":[198],"analyse":[199],"benefits":[201],"potential":[203],"issues":[204],"discuss":[209],"directions":[210],"future":[212],"work.":[213],"Optimisation":[214],"engine":[218],"one":[220],"challenges":[223],"identified":[225],"needs":[227],"tackled":[230],"future.":[232]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2026-01-08T00:00:00"}