{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417181788","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbloc.2025.1699773","title":"Securing E-governance: a blockchain-based framework for tamper-proof PDF document exchange","display_name":"Securing E-governance: a blockchain-based framework for tamper-proof PDF document exchange","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417181788","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbloc.2025.1699773"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fbloc.2025.1699773","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbloc.2025.1699773","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/blockchain/articles/10.3389/fbloc.2025.1699773/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210212584","display_name":"Frontiers in Blockchain","issn_l":"2624-7852","issn":["2624-7852"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Blockchain","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/blockchain/articles/10.3389/fbloc.2025.1699773/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021440069","display_name":"Priyanka Mishra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4595-3070"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136635","display_name":"Scope e-Knowledge Center (India)","ror":"https://ror.org/02wawqt17","country_code":"IN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136635"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Priyanka Mishra","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering (SCOPE), VIT University, Chennai, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering (SCOPE), VIT University, Chennai, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136635"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009021778","display_name":"R. Ganesan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136635","display_name":"Scope e-Knowledge Center (India)","ror":"https://ror.org/02wawqt17","country_code":"IN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136635"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"R. Ganesan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering (SCOPE), VIT University, Chennai, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering (SCOPE), VIT University, Chennai, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136635"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009021778"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136635"],"apc_list":{"value":1285,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1285},"apc_paid":{"value":1285,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1285},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.45966699,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.28290000557899475,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.28290000557899475,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.12839999794960022,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11614","display_name":"Cloud Data Security Solutions","score":0.07540000230073929,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shadow","display_name":"Shadow (psychology)","score":0.6365000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-signature","display_name":"Digital signature","score":0.5972999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hash-function","display_name":"Hash function","score":0.5864999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workflow","display_name":"Workflow","score":0.5346999764442444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trustworthiness","display_name":"Trustworthiness","score":0.5236999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metadata","display_name":"Metadata","score":0.5120000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-key-infrastructure","display_name":"Public key infrastructure","score":0.4812000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-watermarking","display_name":"Digital watermarking","score":0.32339999079704285}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7354999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117797892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q286363","display_name":"Shadow (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6365000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6241000294685364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118463975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220849","display_name":"Digital signature","level":3,"score":0.5972999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99138194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427","display_name":"Hash function","level":2,"score":0.5864999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.5346999764442444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153701036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q659974","display_name":"Trustworthiness","level":2,"score":0.5236999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93518851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180160","display_name":"Metadata","level":2,"score":0.5120000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72648740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q658476","display_name":"Public key infrastructure","level":4,"score":0.4812000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150817343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875932","display_name":"Digital watermarking","level":3,"score":0.32339999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3158000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.30959999561309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84418412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246940","display_name":"Digital forensics","level":2,"score":0.3057999908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779696439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512811","display_name":"Signature (topology)","level":2,"score":0.3046000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.30320000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3001999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33762810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461671","display_name":"Data integrity","level":2,"score":0.2775000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71745522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2476929","display_name":"Confidentiality","level":2,"score":0.2687000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.26660001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.26330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.25949999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.2578999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15845906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172338","display_name":"Data exchange","level":2,"score":0.2558000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.25529998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.25369998812675476}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fbloc.2025.1699773","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbloc.2025.1699773","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/blockchain/articles/10.3389/fbloc.2025.1699773/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210212584","display_name":"Frontiers in Blockchain","issn_l":"2624-7852","issn":["2624-7852"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Blockchain","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c087f08ee0af45ce8268868ce14dee17","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c087f08ee0af45ce8268868ce14dee17","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Blockchain, Vol 8 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fbloc.2025.1699773","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbloc.2025.1699773","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/blockchain/articles/10.3389/fbloc.2025.1699773/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210212584","display_name":"Frontiers in Blockchain","issn_l":"2624-7852","issn":["2624-7852"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Blockchain","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4417181788.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4417181788.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1973284417","https://openalex.org/W1997911919","https://openalex.org/W2486441280","https://openalex.org/W2749040653","https://openalex.org/W2902638435","https://openalex.org/W2920929998","https://openalex.org/W3152840466","https://openalex.org/W3174953964","https://openalex.org/W3209048057","https://openalex.org/W4226312371","https://openalex.org/W4226420663","https://openalex.org/W4236105297","https://openalex.org/W4240870256","https://openalex.org/W4283718025","https://openalex.org/W4288453280","https://openalex.org/W4293385553","https://openalex.org/W4300127641","https://openalex.org/W4303022526","https://openalex.org/W4311868860","https://openalex.org/W4313189770","https://openalex.org/W4313227805","https://openalex.org/W4324331331","https://openalex.org/W4382052162","https://openalex.org/W4387884210","https://openalex.org/W4388407457","https://openalex.org/W4388936729","https://openalex.org/W4389982665","https://openalex.org/W4391279134","https://openalex.org/W4391781151","https://openalex.org/W4392174047","https://openalex.org/W4392303358","https://openalex.org/W4394796098","https://openalex.org/W4402813874","https://openalex.org/W4404788795","https://openalex.org/W4405429557","https://openalex.org/W4409822370"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"E-governance":[0],"depends":[1],"on":[2,46,70],"the":[3,55,76],"secure":[4],"exchange":[5],"of":[6,82],"digital":[7,58],"documents,":[8],"with":[9,85],"PDFs":[10,73],"widely":[11],"used":[12],"for":[13,115],"official":[14,72],"communication.":[15],"However,":[16],"threats":[17],"such":[18],"as":[19],"shadow":[20,83],"attacks":[21,84],"and":[22,27,44,61,88,109,118],"policy":[23],"tampering":[24],"undermine":[25],"integrity":[26],"trust.":[28],"This":[29],"paper":[30],"proposes":[31],"a":[32,112],"blockchain-based":[33],"framework":[34,78],"that":[35,75,98],"secures":[36],"PDF":[37],"workflows":[38],"by":[39],"recording":[40],"complete":[41],"document":[42],"hashes":[43],"metadata":[45],"an":[47],"immutable":[48],"ledger.":[49],"By":[50],"integrating":[51],"Policy-based":[52],"Governance":[53],"infrastructure,":[54],"system":[56],"strengthens":[57],"signature":[59],"verification":[60],"resists":[62],"tampering,":[63],"even":[64],"under":[65],"Man-in-the-Middle":[66],"(MITM)":[67],"conditions.":[68],"Evaluation":[69],"1,000":[71],"shows":[74],"proposed":[77],"achieves":[79],"93.1%":[80],"detection":[81],"98.4%":[86],"precision":[87],"only":[89],"1.6%":[90],"false":[91],"positives,":[92],"compared":[93],"to":[94,100],"traditional":[95],"PKI":[96],"methods":[97],"failed":[99],"detect":[101],"any":[102],"tampering.":[103],"The":[104],"approach":[105],"maintains":[106],"efficiency,":[107],"scalability,":[108],"cost-effectiveness,":[110],"providing":[111],"resilient":[113],"foundation":[114],"secure,":[116],"transparent,":[117],"trustworthy":[119],"e-governance":[120],"services.":[121]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-18T07:49:30.821534","created_date":"2025-12-10T00:00:00"}
