{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7136381212","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbinf.2026.1694775","title":"Machine learning for N-dimensional spatial reasoning tasks on the web","display_name":"Machine learning for N-dimensional spatial reasoning tasks on the web","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7136381212","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbinf.2026.1694775","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41918943"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fbinf.2026.1694775","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbinf.2026.1694775","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/bioinformatics/articles/10.3389/fbinf.2026.1694775/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219554","display_name":"Frontiers in Bioinformatics","issn_l":"2673-7647","issn":["2673-7647"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/bioinformatics/articles/10.3389/fbinf.2026.1694775/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129563865","display_name":"Blake Moody","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33434090","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Boston","ror":"https://ror.org/04ydmy275","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33434090"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Blake Moody","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Massachusetts Boston"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Massachusetts Boston","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33434090"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023055476","display_name":"Jiehyun Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2885-7914"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33434090","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Boston","ror":"https://ror.org/04ydmy275","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33434090"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"JieHyun Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Massachusetts Boston"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Massachusetts Boston","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33434090"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129539020","display_name":"Sanghyuk Kim","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33434090","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Boston","ror":"https://ror.org/04ydmy275","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33434090"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sanghyuk Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Massachusetts Boston"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Massachusetts Boston","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33434090"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062859783","display_name":"Daniel Haehn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9144-3461"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33434090","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Boston","ror":"https://ror.org/04ydmy275","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33434090"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Haehn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Massachusetts Boston"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Massachusetts Boston","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33434090"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5129563865"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33434090"],"apc_list":{"value":1900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1900},"apc_paid":{"value":1900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1900},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.58245837,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":null,"first_page":"1694775","last_page":"1694775"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11904","display_name":"Spatial Cognition and Navigation","score":0.4593999981880188,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11904","display_name":"Spatial Cognition and Navigation","score":0.4593999981880188,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11596","display_name":"Constraint Satisfaction and Optimization","score":0.25209999084472656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.14350000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speedup","display_name":"Speedup","score":0.8508999943733215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.6370000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-intelligence","display_name":"Spatial intelligence","score":0.6255000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.48980000615119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptability","display_name":"Adaptability","score":0.462799996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-reasoning","display_name":"Visual reasoning","score":0.4059000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-relation","display_name":"Spatial relation","score":0.3734999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-analysis","display_name":"Spatial analysis","score":0.3431999981403351}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68339613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1549489","display_name":"Speedup","level":2,"score":0.8508999943733215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8147000074386597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.6370000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155911833","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3817354","display_name":"Spatial intelligence","level":2,"score":0.6255000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6123999953269958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5529000163078308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.48980000615119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177606310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5674297","display_name":"Adaptability","level":2,"score":0.462799996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777508537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7936620","display_name":"Visual reasoning","level":2,"score":0.4059000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.38909998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27511587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2178623","display_name":"Spatial relation","level":2,"score":0.3734999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159620131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Spatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.3431999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89288958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7301504","display_name":"Reasoning system","level":2,"score":0.3391000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.3319999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43729271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560550","display_name":"Spatial memory","level":4,"score":0.3160000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.28519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.28290000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172367668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6504956","display_name":"Data visualization","level":3,"score":0.2793999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.26269999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203689450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2302053","display_name":"Spatial database","level":3,"score":0.26170000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.25780001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20162079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1151406","display_name":"Case-based reasoning","level":2,"score":0.2572999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.2549000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118643609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189210","display_name":"Web application","level":2,"score":0.2524999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778662690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3125339","display_name":"Spatial ability","level":3,"score":0.2502000033855438}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fbinf.2026.1694775","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbinf.2026.1694775","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/bioinformatics/articles/10.3389/fbinf.2026.1694775/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219554","display_name":"Frontiers in Bioinformatics","issn_l":"2673-7647","issn":["2673-7647"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41918943","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41918943","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in bioinformatics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2d9a0fccc75c4756813ba75c290d7d93","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2d9a0fccc75c4756813ba75c290d7d93","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Bioinformatics, Vol 6 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13033672","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13033672/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Front Bioinform","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fbinf.2026.1694775","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbinf.2026.1694775","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/bioinformatics/articles/10.3389/fbinf.2026.1694775/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219554","display_name":"Frontiers in Bioinformatics","issn_l":"2673-7647","issn":["2673-7647"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.401176393032074,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7136381212.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7136381212.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2300445845","https://openalex.org/W2735418187","https://openalex.org/W2921236134","https://openalex.org/W3009017856","https://openalex.org/W4232865065","https://openalex.org/W4319444352","https://openalex.org/W4392111232","https://openalex.org/W4402666098","https://openalex.org/W4404500167","https://openalex.org/W4410165966"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Spatial":[0],"reasoning":[1,50,86],"is":[2,80],"essential":[3],"for":[4,17,61,83,153],"solving":[5],"complex":[6,156],"tasks":[7,19],"in":[8,66,87,113,131],"dynamic":[9],"and":[10,23,40,57,164,169],"high-dimensional":[11],"environments.":[12,68,166],"However,":[13],"current":[14],"training":[15,47,132],"models":[16],"spatial":[18,49,63,85,157],"are":[20,173],"computationally":[21],"demanding":[22],"heavily":[24],"reliant":[25],"on":[26,104],"human":[27],"input.":[28],"To":[29],"address":[30],"this":[31],"gap,":[32],"we":[33,117],"present":[34],"Snake-ML,":[35],"a":[36,110,119,128],"web-based":[37,170],"simulation":[38,171],"tool":[39,172],"proof-of-concept":[41],"framework":[42],"designed":[43],"to":[44,94,98,127,143,155],"demonstrate":[45],"client-side":[46],"of":[48],"tasks.":[51],"Snake-ML":[52,108,150],"serves":[53],"as":[54,74,160],"an":[55],"efficient":[56],"intuitive":[58],"test":[59,76],"bed":[60,77],"developing":[62],"navigation":[64],"strategies":[65],"browser-based":[67],"We":[69],"chose":[70],"the":[71,105,141],"snake":[72],"game":[73],"our":[75],"because":[78],"it":[79],"well":[81],"suited":[82],"demonstrating":[84],"low-dimensional":[88],"visual":[89],"spaces":[90],"while":[91],"remaining":[92],"relevant":[93],"higher-dimensional":[95],"tasks,":[96,158],"compared":[97],"alternative":[99],"methods.":[100],"Through":[101],"quantitative":[102],"analysis,":[103],"edge":[106],"alone,":[107],"achieves":[109,125],"4.58\u00d7":[111],"speedup":[112,130],"model":[114],"inference.":[115],"Additionally,":[116],"developed":[118],"direct":[120],"TensorFlow.js":[121],"GPU":[122],"pipeline":[123,139],"that":[124],"up":[126],"32\u00d7":[129],"time":[133],"without":[134],"any":[135],"CPU/GPU":[136],"synchronization.":[137],"This":[138],"has":[140],"potential":[142,152],"improve":[144],"many":[145],"edge-based":[146],"AI":[147],"visualization":[148],"projects.":[149],"shows":[151],"adaptability":[154],"such":[159],"autonomous":[161],"systems,":[162],"robotics,":[163],"AI-driven":[165],"Our":[167],"code":[168],"publicly":[174],"available.":[175]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2026-03-17T00:00:00"}