{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7125271035","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbinf.2025.1677527","title":"Deep learning software and revised 2D model to segment bone in micro-CT scans","display_name":"Deep learning software and revised 2D model to segment bone in micro-CT scans","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7125271035","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbinf.2025.1677527","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41648861"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fbinf.2025.1677527","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbinf.2025.1677527","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/bioinformatics/articles/10.3389/fbinf.2025.1677527/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219554","display_name":"Frontiers in Bioinformatics","issn_l":"2673-7647","issn":["2673-7647"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/bioinformatics/articles/10.3389/fbinf.2025.1677527/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023065108","display_name":"Andrew H. Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7829-334X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I128902783","display_name":"Midwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/046yatd98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I128902783"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Andrew H. Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University","College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University","Core Facilities-Glendale, Midwestern University","Department of Anatomy, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I128902783"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I128902783"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Core Facilities-Glendale, Midwestern University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I128902783"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anatomy, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I128902783"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116903987","display_name":"Ganesh Talluri","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146525","display_name":"Blind and Sight Impaired Society","ror":"https://ror.org/04k3q6a72","country_code":"GB","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210146525"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ganesh Talluri","raw_affiliation_strings":["BASIS Peoria"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BASIS Peoria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210146525"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092635619","display_name":"Manan Damani","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I128902783","display_name":"Midwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/046yatd98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I128902783"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manan Damani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Core Facilities-Glendale, Midwestern University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Core Facilities-Glendale, Midwestern University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I128902783"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107769017","display_name":"Brandon Vera Covarrubias","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I128902783","display_name":"Midwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/046yatd98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I128902783"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brandon Vera Covarrubias","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Anatomy, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Anatomy, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I128902783"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123462310","display_name":"Helena Hanna","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I128902783","display_name":"Midwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/046yatd98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I128902783"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Helena Hanna","raw_affiliation_strings":["Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I128902783"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056405386","display_name":"Jeremy Chavez","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I128902783","display_name":"Midwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/046yatd98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I128902783"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeremy Chavez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I128902783"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123529374","display_name":"Julian M. Moore","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I128902783","display_name":"Midwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/046yatd98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I128902783"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julian M. Moore","raw_affiliation_strings":["Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I128902783"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114596923","display_name":"Jacob Baradarian","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I128902783","display_name":"Midwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/046yatd98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I128902783"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jacob Baradarian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I128902783"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123456102","display_name":"Michael Molgaard","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I128902783","display_name":"Midwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/046yatd98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I128902783"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Molgaard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I128902783"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123525299","display_name":"Beau Nielson","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I128902783","display_name":"Midwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/046yatd98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I128902783"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Beau Nielson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I128902783"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064838283","display_name":"Kalah Walden","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I128902783","display_name":"Midwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/046yatd98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I128902783"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kalah Walden","raw_affiliation_strings":["Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I128902783"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123473272","display_name":"Thomas L. Broderick","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I128902783","display_name":"Midwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/046yatd98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I128902783"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas L. Broderick","raw_affiliation_strings":["Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University","Department of Physiology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I128902783"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physiology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I128902783"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015970126","display_name":"Layla Al\u2010Nakkash","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9309-6213"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I128902783","display_name":"Midwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/046yatd98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I128902783"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Layla Al-Nakkash","raw_affiliation_strings":["Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University","Department of Physiology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I128902783"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physiology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I128902783"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":13,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023065108"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I128902783"],"apc_list":{"value":1900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1900},"apc_paid":{"value":1900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1900},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.16643672,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":null,"first_page":"1677527","last_page":"1677527"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14510","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","score":0.3614000082015991,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14510","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","score":0.3614000082015991,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10071","display_name":"Bone health and osteoporosis research","score":0.12770000100135803,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2732","display_name":"Orthopedics and Sports Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11363","display_name":"Dental Radiography and Imaging","score":0.10109999775886536,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3504","display_name":"Oral Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.7501999735832214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.7414000034332275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.6430000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.5802000164985657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoder","display_name":"Encoder","score":0.5565999746322632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmarking","display_name":"Benchmarking","score":0.510699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.49880000948905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.414900004863739}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.7501999735832214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.7414000034332275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7271000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7074999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.6430000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.5802000164985657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.5565999746322632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.510699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.49880000948905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.414900004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.38029998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.37139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.35089999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31601959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931309","display_name":"Medical imaging","level":2,"score":0.34200000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.3098999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174348530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188635","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","level":2,"score":0.30799999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3012000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.28299999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101738243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786435","display_name":"Autoencoder","level":3,"score":0.28200000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019007443","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q568742","display_name":"3d model","level":2,"score":0.26919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544519230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32566","display_name":"Computed tomography","level":2,"score":0.2531000077724457}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fbinf.2025.1677527","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbinf.2025.1677527","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/bioinformatics/articles/10.3389/fbinf.2025.1677527/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219554","display_name":"Frontiers in Bioinformatics","issn_l":"2673-7647","issn":["2673-7647"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41648861","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41648861","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in bioinformatics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:doi:10.5061/dryad.4j0zpc8qq","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"dataset"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f22630d0fb164fc8952cff6022033b4a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f22630d0fb164fc8952cff6022033b4a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Bioinformatics, Vol 5 (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:11676261","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12868216","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fbinf.2025.1677527","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbinf.2025.1677527","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/bioinformatics/articles/10.3389/fbinf.2025.1677527/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219554","display_name":"Frontiers in Bioinformatics","issn_l":"2673-7647","issn":["2673-7647"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313823","display_name":"Midwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/046yatd98"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7125271035.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7125271035.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1979051296","https://openalex.org/W2065626396","https://openalex.org/W2115565511","https://openalex.org/W2123402141","https://openalex.org/W2782757030","https://openalex.org/W2884436604","https://openalex.org/W2908510526","https://openalex.org/W2963263347","https://openalex.org/W2964309882","https://openalex.org/W3035965352","https://openalex.org/W3127751679","https://openalex.org/W3140854437","https://openalex.org/W3154326799","https://openalex.org/W3183977027","https://openalex.org/W4210984894","https://openalex.org/W4211021847","https://openalex.org/W4281707594","https://openalex.org/W4281718554","https://openalex.org/W4289543668","https://openalex.org/W4309962798","https://openalex.org/W4318833700","https://openalex.org/W4377989430","https://openalex.org/W4380047697","https://openalex.org/W4385671951","https://openalex.org/W4386832358","https://openalex.org/W4387251781","https://openalex.org/W4389649841","https://openalex.org/W4405810995","https://openalex.org/W4407180322","https://openalex.org/W4410758253","https://openalex.org/W6891767595","https://openalex.org/W7081571415"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"learning":[1],"(DL)":[2],"enables":[3],"automated":[4],"bone":[5],"segmentation":[6,32,174],"in":[7,139],"micro-CT":[8,42],"datasets":[9],"but":[10,130,152],"can":[11,155],"struggle":[12],"to":[13,37,137],"generalize":[14],"across":[15,128,134,204,231],"developmental":[16],"stages,":[17],"anatomical":[18],"regions,":[19],"and":[20,48,57,76,93,115,170,176,180,209,213,228],"imaging":[21],"conditions.":[22],"We":[23],"present":[24],"BP-2D-03,":[25],"which":[26],"is":[27,149],"a":[28,38,63],"revised":[29],"2D":[30],"Bone-Pores":[31],"model.":[33],"It":[34],"was":[35,99],"fitted":[36],"dataset":[39],"comprising":[40],"20":[41],"scans":[43],"spanning":[44],"five":[45],"mammalian":[46],"species":[47],"142,960":[49],"image":[50],"patches.":[51],"To":[52],"manage":[53],"the":[54,146,190,220],"substantially":[55],"larger":[56],"more":[58,133],"varied":[59,132],"dataset,":[60],"we":[61],"developed":[62],"DL":[64,222],"software":[65,223],"interface":[66],"with":[67,107,125,183],"modules":[68],"for":[69,157],"training":[70],"(\"BONe":[71,74,78],"DLFit\"),":[72],"prediction":[73],"DLPred\"),":[75],"evaluation":[77],"IoU\").":[79],"These":[80,142],"tools":[81],"resolve":[82],"prior":[83],"issues":[84],"such":[85],"as":[86],"slice-level":[87],"data":[88],"leakage,":[89],"high":[90,121],"memory":[91],"usage,":[92],"limited":[94],"multi-GPU":[95],"support.":[96],"Model":[97],"performance":[98,131,227],"evaluated":[100,112],"through":[101],"three":[102,108],"analyses.":[103],"First,":[104],"5-fold":[105],"cross-validation":[106],"seeds":[109],"per":[110],"fold":[111],"baseline":[113,147,226],"robustness":[114],"stability.":[116],"The":[117],"model":[118,148,166],"showed":[119],"generally":[120],"mean":[122],"Intersection-over-Union":[123],"(IoU)":[124],"minimal":[126],"variation":[127],"seeds,":[129],"folds":[135],"related":[136],"differences":[138],"scan":[140],"composition.":[141],"findings":[143],"show":[144],"that":[145,153,200,219],"stable":[150],"overall":[151],"predictivity":[154],"decline":[156],"atypical":[158],"scans.":[159],"Second,":[160],"30":[161],"benchmarking":[162],"experiments":[163,198],"tested":[164],"how":[165],"architecture,":[167],"encoder":[168],"backbone,":[169],"patch":[171],"size":[172],"influence":[173],"IoU":[175,192],"computational":[177],"efficiency.":[178],"U-Net":[179],"UNet++":[181],"architectures":[182],"simple":[184],"convolutional":[185],"backbones":[186],"(e.g.,":[187],"ResNet-18)":[188],"achieved":[189],"highest":[191],"values,":[193],"approaching":[194],"0.97.":[195],"Third,":[196],"cross-platform":[197],"confirmed":[199],"results":[201,230],"are":[202],"consistent":[203],"hardware":[205],"configurations,":[206],"operating":[207],"systems,":[208],"implementations":[210],"(Avizo":[211],"3D":[212],"standalone).":[214],"Together,":[215],"these":[216],"analyses":[217],"demonstrate":[218],"BONe":[221],"delivers":[224],"robust":[225],"reproducible":[229],"platforms.":[232]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2026-01-22T00:00:00"}