{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413969700","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbinf.2025.1628724","title":"Stain-free artificial intelligence-assisted light microscopy for the identification of blood cells in microfluidic flow","display_name":"Stain-free artificial intelligence-assisted light microscopy for the identification of blood cells in microfluidic flow","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413969700","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbinf.2025.1628724","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40894379"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fbinf.2025.1628724","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbinf.2025.1628724","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219554","display_name":"Frontiers in Bioinformatics","issn_l":"2673-7647","issn":["2673-7647"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbinf.2025.1628724","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112458957","display_name":"Alexander Hunt","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151647","display_name":"Centre for Inflammation Research","ror":"https://ror.org/05wcr1b38","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087105","https://openalex.org/I4210151647","https://openalex.org/I90344618","https://openalex.org/I98677209"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Hunt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151647","https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069629086","display_name":"Holger Schulze","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6446-2824"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151647","display_name":"Centre for Inflammation Research","ror":"https://ror.org/05wcr1b38","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087105","https://openalex.org/I4210151647","https://openalex.org/I90344618","https://openalex.org/I98677209"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Holger Schulze","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151647","https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069811614","display_name":"Kay Samuel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2333-0753"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88981905","display_name":"Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service","ror":"https://ror.org/05ydk8712","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88981905"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kay Samuel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tissues, Cells and Advanced Therapeutics, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, NHS National Services Scotland, Jack Copland Centre, Currie, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tissues, Cells and Advanced Therapeutics, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, NHS National Services Scotland, Jack Copland Centre, Currie, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88981905"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020686179","display_name":"Robert B. Fisher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6860-9371"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert B. Fisher","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077708554","display_name":"Till T. Bachmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6121-2021"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151647","display_name":"Centre for Inflammation Research","ror":"https://ror.org/05wcr1b38","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087105","https://openalex.org/I4210151647","https://openalex.org/I90344618","https://openalex.org/I98677209"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Till T. Bachmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Inflammation Research, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151647","https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5077708554"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151647","https://openalex.org/I98677209"],"apc_list":{"value":1900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1900},"apc_paid":{"value":1900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1900},"fwci":1.163,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82426376,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":null,"first_page":"1628724","last_page":"1628724"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12874","display_name":"Digital Imaging for Blood Diseases","score":0.9372000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12874","display_name":"Digital Imaging for Blood Diseases","score":0.9372000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microfluidics","display_name":"Microfluidics","score":0.7325863838195801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stain","display_name":"Stain","score":0.7060496807098389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microscopy","display_name":"Microscopy","score":0.5825480818748474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.500891923904419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-flow","display_name":"Free flow","score":0.43397676944732666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomedical-engineering","display_name":"Biomedical engineering","score":0.3792421221733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.37369102239608765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology","display_name":"Nanotechnology","score":0.35693246126174927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.32795029878616333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathology","display_name":"Pathology","score":0.25506091117858887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/staining","display_name":"Staining","score":0.23700669407844543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.23037570714950562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.1852996051311493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.08163455128669739}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8673954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q138845","display_name":"Microfluidics","level":2,"score":0.7325863838195801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781294515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2733470","display_name":"Stain","level":3,"score":0.7060496807098389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147080431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074953","display_name":"Microscopy","level":2,"score":0.5825480818748474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.500891923904419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019814787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17072952","display_name":"Free flow","level":2,"score":0.43397676944732666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136229726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327092","display_name":"Biomedical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3792421221733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.37369102239608765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.35693246126174927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.32795029878616333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.25506091117858887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74864618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2332446","display_name":"Staining","level":2,"score":0.23700669407844543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.23037570714950562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.1852996051311493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.08163455128669739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fbinf.2025.1628724","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbinf.2025.1628724","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219554","display_name":"Frontiers in Bioinformatics","issn_l":"2673-7647","issn":["2673-7647"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40894379","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40894379","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in bioinformatics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.ed.ac.uk:openaire/754634d0-c533-4585-8d86-757f6384494e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/754634d0-c533-4585-8d86-757f6384494e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400321","display_name":"Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","host_organization_name":"University of Edinburgh","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Hunt, A, Schulze, H, Samuel, K, Fisher, R B & Bachmann, T T 2025, 'Stain-free artificial intelligence-assisted light microscopy for the identification of blood cells in microfluidic flow.', Frontiers in Bioinformatics, vol. 5, 1628724. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbinf.2025.1628724","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:11460234b8594932aa26c332cd94c508","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/11460234b8594932aa26c332cd94c508","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Bioinformatics, Vol 5 (2025)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12391159","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12391159","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Front Bioinform","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fbinf.2025.1628724","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbinf.2025.1628724","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219554","display_name":"Frontiers in Bioinformatics","issn_l":"2673-7647","issn":["2673-7647"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Bioinformatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W134297239","https://openalex.org/W2200094544","https://openalex.org/W2565516711","https://openalex.org/W2782224694","https://openalex.org/W3011334785","https://openalex.org/W3018757597","https://openalex.org/W3042352921","https://openalex.org/W3133962405","https://openalex.org/W3140854437","https://openalex.org/W3162222275","https://openalex.org/W3186334721","https://openalex.org/W4210647952","https://openalex.org/W4210972757","https://openalex.org/W4224884105","https://openalex.org/W4225597912","https://openalex.org/W4289270143","https://openalex.org/W4311765013","https://openalex.org/W4383618780","https://openalex.org/W4385546128","https://openalex.org/W4385952752","https://openalex.org/W4386368639","https://openalex.org/W4390578871","https://openalex.org/W4391272153","https://openalex.org/W4392026554","https://openalex.org/W6908790086"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3103016203","https://openalex.org/W2106238498","https://openalex.org/W2463681241","https://openalex.org/W2362517148","https://openalex.org/W2594860026","https://openalex.org/W161520385","https://openalex.org/W2382509367","https://openalex.org/W97203997","https://openalex.org/W2624661525","https://openalex.org/W1572874849"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,66],"identification":[1],"and":[2,11,40,54,82,94,128,135,160,187,198,227],"classification":[3,56,91],"of":[4,47,57,101,116,145,157,173,180],"blood":[5,21,30,36,59,182,204],"cells":[6,221],"are":[7,38],"essential":[8],"for":[9,51,176,212],"diagnosing":[10],"managing":[12],"various":[13],"haematological":[14],"conditions.":[15],"Haematology":[16],"analysers":[17,162],"typically":[18],"perform":[19],"full":[20,203],"counts":[22],"but":[23],"often":[24],"require":[25],"follow-up":[26],"tests":[27],"such":[28],"as":[29],"smears.":[31],"Traditional":[32],"methods":[33],"like":[34],"stained":[35],"smears":[37],"laborious":[39],"subjective.":[41],"This":[42],"study":[43],"explores":[44],"the":[45,133,149,171,210],"application":[46],"artificial":[48,174],"neural":[49,150],"networks":[50],"rapid,":[52],"automated,":[53],"objective":[55],"major":[58],"cell":[60],"types":[61],"from":[62],"unstained":[63,181],"brightfield":[64],"images.":[65],"YOLO":[67],"v4":[68],"object":[69],"detection":[70,226],"architecture":[71],"was":[72,153],"trained":[73],"on":[74,165,219],"datasets":[75],"comprising":[76],"erythrocytes,":[77],"echinocytes,":[78,108],"lymphocytes,":[79,126],"monocytes,":[80,127],"neutrophils,":[81,129],"platelets":[83],"imaged":[84],"using":[85],"a":[86,97,112,141,200],"microfluidic":[87],"flow":[88,158],"system.":[89],"Binary":[90],"between":[92],"erythrocytes":[93],"echinocytes":[95],"achieved":[96],"network":[98,113,142],"F1":[99,114,143],"score":[100,115,144],"86%.":[102],"Expanding":[103],"to":[104,155],"four":[105],"classes":[106],"(erythrocytes,":[107],"leukocytes,":[109],"platelets)":[110],"yielded":[111],"85%,":[117],"with":[118,192,206],"some":[119],"misclassified":[120],"leukocytes.":[121],"Further":[122,215],"separating":[123],"leukocytes":[124],"into":[125],"while":[130],"also":[131],"increasing":[132],"dataset":[134],"tweaking":[136],"model":[137],"parameters":[138],"resulted":[139],"in":[140],"84.1%.":[146],"Most":[147],"importantly,":[148],"network's":[151],"performance":[152],"comparable":[154],"that":[156],"cytometry":[159],"haematology":[161],"when":[163],"tested":[164],"donor":[166],"samples.":[167],"These":[168],"findings":[169],"demonstrate":[170],"potential":[172],"intelligence":[175],"high-throughput":[177],"morphological":[178,207],"analysis":[179],"cells,":[183],"enabling":[184],"rapid":[185],"screening":[186],"diagnosis.":[188],"Integrating":[189],"this":[190],"approach":[191],"microfluidics":[193],"could":[194,222],"streamline":[195],"conventional":[196],"techniques":[197],"provide":[199],"fast":[201],"automated":[202],"count":[205],"assessment":[208],"without":[209],"requirement":[211],"sample":[213],"handling.":[214],"refinements":[216],"by":[217],"training":[218],"abnormal":[220],"facilitate":[223],"early":[224],"disease":[225],"treatment":[228],"monitoring.":[229]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}