{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387341118","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fams.2023.1278146","title":"Multilevel IRT models to explore heterogeneity in subjective financial knowledge at individual and regional levels: the Italian case","display_name":"Multilevel IRT models to explore heterogeneity in subjective financial knowledge at individual and regional levels: the Italian case","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387341118","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fams.2023.1278146"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fams.2023.1278146","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fams.2023.1278146","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fams.2023.1278146/pdf?isPublishedV2=False","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2597085352","display_name":"Frontiers in Applied Mathematics and Statistics","issn_l":"2297-4687","issn":["2297-4687"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Applied Mathematics and Statistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fams.2023.1278146/pdf?isPublishedV2=False","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022430734","display_name":"Rosa Fabbricatore","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4056-4375"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71267560","display_name":"University of Naples Federico II","ror":"https://ror.org/05290cv24","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71267560"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rosa Fabbricatore","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics and Statistics, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics and Statistics, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71267560"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079406344","display_name":"Lucio Palazzo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7529-4689"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71267560","display_name":"University of Naples Federico II","ror":"https://ror.org/05290cv24","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71267560"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lucio Palazzo","raw_affiliation_strings":["LabStat, Department of Political Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LabStat, Department of Political Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71267560"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022430734"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71267560"],"apc_list":{"value":1285,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1285},"apc_paid":{"value":1285,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1285},"fwci":0.4113,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66451965,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10517","display_name":"Financial Literacy, Pension, Retirement Analysis","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1402","display_name":"Accounting"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10517","display_name":"Financial Literacy, Pension, Retirement Analysis","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1402","display_name":"Accounting"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11995","display_name":"FinTech, Crowdfunding, Digital Finance","score":0.9884999990463257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10987","display_name":"Microfinance and Financial Inclusion","score":0.9811999797821045,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/numeracy","display_name":"Numeracy","score":0.703402042388916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/financial-literacy","display_name":"Financial literacy","score":0.6044294834136963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5570719838142395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.5562465786933899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.38771501183509827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/literacy","display_name":"Literacy","score":0.31175971031188965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finance","display_name":"Finance","score":0.2989562749862671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.27912676334381104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.26561790704727173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.17974841594696045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-growth","display_name":"Economic growth","score":0.13250917196273804}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53537400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q140637","display_name":"Numeracy","level":3,"score":0.703402042388916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777941463","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1416374","display_name":"Financial literacy","level":2,"score":0.6044294834136963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5570719838142395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5562465786933899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.38771501183509827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C547764534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8236","display_name":"Literacy","level":2,"score":0.31175971031188965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.2989562749862671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.27912676334381104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.26561790704727173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.17974841594696045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.13250917196273804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fams.2023.1278146","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fams.2023.1278146","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fams.2023.1278146/pdf?isPublishedV2=False","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2597085352","display_name":"Frontiers in Applied Mathematics and Statistics","issn_l":"2297-4687","issn":["2297-4687"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Applied Mathematics and Statistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d78682388ba84163b463775d458e29f6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d78682388ba84163b463775d458e29f6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Vol 9 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fams.2023.1278146","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fams.2023.1278146","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fams.2023.1278146/pdf?isPublishedV2=False","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2597085352","display_name":"Frontiers in Applied Mathematics and Statistics","issn_l":"2297-4687","issn":["2297-4687"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Applied Mathematics and Statistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8999999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387341118.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1527775916","https://openalex.org/W1537622677","https://openalex.org/W1588286827","https://openalex.org/W1588978550","https://openalex.org/W1966576448","https://openalex.org/W1979315741","https://openalex.org/W2079980561","https://openalex.org/W2142604507","https://openalex.org/W2160900637","https://openalex.org/W2170454983","https://openalex.org/W2480455979","https://openalex.org/W2507687037","https://openalex.org/W2514182579","https://openalex.org/W2590220374","https://openalex.org/W2755950973","https://openalex.org/W2778983929","https://openalex.org/W2787517993","https://openalex.org/W2791141718","https://openalex.org/W2793027593","https://openalex.org/W2889272830","https://openalex.org/W2897249806","https://openalex.org/W2911554037","https://openalex.org/W2966486455","https://openalex.org/W3032253854","https://openalex.org/W3049590024","https://openalex.org/W3088283486","https://openalex.org/W3092938162","https://openalex.org/W3101859458","https://openalex.org/W3106188259","https://openalex.org/W3121995747","https://openalex.org/W3125508849","https://openalex.org/W3137859503","https://openalex.org/W3186824475","https://openalex.org/W3193733652","https://openalex.org/W4205229245","https://openalex.org/W4224316842","https://openalex.org/W4281255946","https://openalex.org/W4283071392","https://openalex.org/W4293079135","https://openalex.org/W6631620749","https://openalex.org/W7046860397"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4293066081","https://openalex.org/W3121399577","https://openalex.org/W2044954060","https://openalex.org/W2013613704","https://openalex.org/W2123356852","https://openalex.org/W4206827338","https://openalex.org/W3204280609","https://openalex.org/W3149932597","https://openalex.org/W3138694619","https://openalex.org/W3124150325"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Introduction":[0],"Modern":[1],"FinTech":[2,74,111,220,241],"tools":[3,221],"(e.g.,":[4],"instant":[5],"payments,":[6],"blockchain,":[7],"roboadvisor)":[8],"represent":[9],"the":[10,17,20,24,48,78,81,108,115,124,128,151,202,206,214],"new":[11],"frontier":[12],"of":[13,19,23,89,110,127,158,173,217],"digital":[14],"finance.":[15],"Consequently,":[16],"evaluation":[18],"knowledge":[21,67,113,142,157,182,242],"level":[22,109],"population":[25],"about":[26,226],"these":[27],"topics":[28],"is":[29,104,186],"a":[30,133,165,170,236],"crucial":[31],"concern.":[32],"In":[33,46,57,168,204],"this":[34,58,191],"context,":[35],"several":[36],"exogenous":[37],"factors":[38],"may":[39],"influence":[40,238],"individual":[41,62,82,112,148,152],"differences":[42,79,116],"in":[43,64,68,140,190,201,239],"financial":[44,66,141,160,199,230],"literacy.":[45],"particular,":[47,205],"territorial":[49],"characteristics":[50],"can":[51,143,193],"have":[52,177,235],"an":[53,178],"impact":[54,179],"on":[55,72,180],"FinTech.":[56],"work,":[59],"we":[60],"investigate":[61],"heterogeneity":[63,139],"subjective":[65],"Italy,":[69],"specifically":[70],"focusing":[71],"modern":[73],"tools,":[75,231],"and":[76,83,114,162,175,188,222,228],"exploring":[77],"at":[80],"regional":[84,135],"levels.":[85],"Methods":[86],"A":[87,100],"sample":[88],"598":[90],"Italian":[91,96,119],"individuals":[92],"from":[93],"10":[94],"different":[95],"regions":[97,120],"was":[98],"involved.":[99],"multilevel":[101],"IRT":[102],"model":[103],"performed":[105],"to":[106,118,121,147,197,234],"evaluate":[107],"according":[117],"account":[122],"for":[123],"hierarchical":[125],"structure":[126],"data.":[129],"Results":[130,131],"reported":[132],"weak":[134],"effect,":[136],"revealing":[137],"that":[138,210],"be":[144],"mainly":[145],"attributed":[146],"characteristics.":[149],"At":[150],"level,":[153],"age,":[154],"economic":[155],"condition,":[156],"traditional":[159,229],"objects":[161],"numeracy":[163],"showed":[164],"significant":[166],"effect.":[167],"addition,":[169],"scientific":[171],"field":[172],"study":[174],"work":[176],"respondents'":[181],"level.":[183],"Discussion":[184],"What":[185],"shown":[187],"discussed":[189],"contribution":[192],"inspire":[194],"policymakers'":[195],"actions":[196],"increase":[198],"literacy":[200,225],"population.":[203],"obtained":[207],"results":[208],"imply":[209],"policymakers":[211],"should":[212],"improve":[213],"population's":[215],"awareness":[216],"less":[218],"popular":[219],"foster":[223],"individuals'":[224],"numbers":[227],"which":[232],"proved":[233],"great":[237],"explaining":[240],"differences.":[243]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}