{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386166993","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fams.2023.1045108","title":"Carrot or stick? A study on \u201cbid-rigging norms\u201d by simulation: inducing factors and deterring measures","display_name":"Carrot or stick? A study on \u201cbid-rigging norms\u201d by simulation: inducing factors and deterring measures","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386166993","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fams.2023.1045108"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fams.2023.1045108","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fams.2023.1045108","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/applied-mathematics-and-statistics/articles/10.3389/fams.2023.1045108/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2597085352","display_name":"Frontiers in Applied Mathematics and Statistics","issn_l":"2297-4687","issn":["2297-4687"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Applied Mathematics and Statistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/applied-mathematics-and-statistics/articles/10.3389/fams.2023.1045108/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090942942","display_name":"Hideyuki Morofuji","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146399215","display_name":"University of Tsukuba","ror":"https://ror.org/02956yf07","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146399215"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hideyuki Morofuji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Business Sciences, Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Business Sciences, Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146399215"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032661491","display_name":"Setsuya Kurahashi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3388-109X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146399215","display_name":"University of Tsukuba","ror":"https://ror.org/02956yf07","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146399215"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Setsuya Kurahashi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Business Sciences, Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Business Sciences, Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146399215"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090942942"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146399215"],"apc_list":{"value":1285,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1285},"apc_paid":{"value":1285,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1285},"fwci":0.3949,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64100246,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11182","display_name":"Auction Theory and Applications","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11182","display_name":"Auction Theory and Applications","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10646","display_name":"Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies","score":0.979200005531311,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11257","display_name":"Taxation and Compliance Studies","score":0.9449999928474426,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/punishment","display_name":"Punishment (psychology)","score":0.6027616858482361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/procurement","display_name":"Procurement","score":0.5387251377105713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.5316494107246399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartel","display_name":"Cartel","score":0.5266773104667664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bid-price","display_name":"Bid price","score":0.4790459871292114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.35660243034362793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.3549940586090088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.33266642689704895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/actuarial-science","display_name":"Actuarial science","score":0.32160109281539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collusion","display_name":"Collusion","score":0.24372348189353943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-organization","display_name":"Industrial organization","score":0.22052845358848572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finance","display_name":"Finance","score":0.15442806482315063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marketing","display_name":"Marketing","score":0.097953200340271}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779295839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3544090","display_name":"Punishment (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6027616858482361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201650216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q829492","display_name":"Procurement","level":2,"score":0.5387251377105713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5316494107246399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778890260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179216","display_name":"Cartel","level":3,"score":0.5266773104667664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76281924","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1499526","display_name":"Bid price","level":2,"score":0.4790459871292114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.35660243034362793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3549940586090088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.33266642689704895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162118730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453","display_name":"Actuarial science","level":1,"score":0.32160109281539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781198186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q701521","display_name":"Collusion","level":2,"score":0.24372348189353943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.22052845358848572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.15442806482315063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.097953200340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fams.2023.1045108","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fams.2023.1045108","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/applied-mathematics-and-statistics/articles/10.3389/fams.2023.1045108/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2597085352","display_name":"Frontiers in Applied Mathematics and Statistics","issn_l":"2297-4687","issn":["2297-4687"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Applied Mathematics and Statistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9b2bd7bd9682405a8ccd696e449d2215","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9b2bd7bd9682405a8ccd696e449d2215","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Vol 9 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fams.2023.1045108","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fams.2023.1045108","pdf_url":"https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/applied-mathematics-and-statistics/articles/10.3389/fams.2023.1045108/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2597085352","display_name":"Frontiers in Applied Mathematics and Statistics","issn_l":"2297-4687","issn":["2297-4687"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Applied Mathematics and Statistics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.7900000214576721}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5763691457","display_name":"Research on multi-layered social models for social risk resilience in smart cities","funder_award_id":"23K21012","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386166993.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386166993.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W90449415","https://openalex.org/W223525543","https://openalex.org/W651602078","https://openalex.org/W1522503223","https://openalex.org/W1543018569","https://openalex.org/W1572493548","https://openalex.org/W1574475554","https://openalex.org/W1836740390","https://openalex.org/W1958083762","https://openalex.org/W1967829443","https://openalex.org/W1977295940","https://openalex.org/W1997418576","https://openalex.org/W2020889250","https://openalex.org/W2025490132","https://openalex.org/W2030062956","https://openalex.org/W2053840282","https://openalex.org/W2054589508","https://openalex.org/W2068860947","https://openalex.org/W2087612699","https://openalex.org/W2095883081","https://openalex.org/W2125384697","https://openalex.org/W2139311641","https://openalex.org/W2141486460","https://openalex.org/W2149656376","https://openalex.org/W2157771656","https://openalex.org/W2297847122","https://openalex.org/W2483014731","https://openalex.org/W2514471853","https://openalex.org/W2552974554","https://openalex.org/W2768978272","https://openalex.org/W2789772206","https://openalex.org/W2897353563","https://openalex.org/W2963828872","https://openalex.org/W3098764188","https://openalex.org/W3120743455","https://openalex.org/W3121372448","https://openalex.org/W3122106208","https://openalex.org/W3124011818","https://openalex.org/W3124918855","https://openalex.org/W3125530107","https://openalex.org/W3126019547","https://openalex.org/W4240968047","https://openalex.org/W4391965190","https://openalex.org/W6603695833","https://openalex.org/W6766069277"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W3152413159","https://openalex.org/W3207849499","https://openalex.org/W3183363202","https://openalex.org/W2021627283","https://openalex.org/W2366147457","https://openalex.org/W2055939387","https://openalex.org/W4250455086","https://openalex.org/W2243871458","https://openalex.org/W857412313"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1,122],"aims":[2],"to":[3,23,86,134],"analyze":[4],"the":[5,8,13,21,43,83,93,99,106,111,115,121,125,129,138,142,150,154],"structure":[6,53],"of":[7,12,96,145,157],"emergence":[9],"and":[10,20,33,76,102,109,128,137,148],"maintenance":[11],"cartel":[14],"mechanism":[15],"as":[16],"an":[17,28],"informal":[18],"organization":[19],"measures":[22,140,160],"deter":[24,87,135],"bid-rigging.":[25,165],"We":[26,40,61],"propose":[27],"agent-based":[29],"bid-rigging":[30,55,69,88,112,151],"norms":[31],"model":[32],"validate":[34],"it":[35],"with":[36],"a":[37,52,71,119],"mathematical":[38],"model.":[39],"clarify":[41],"that":[42,64,124],"auction":[44],"system":[45,104,131],"primarily":[46],"used":[47],"in":[48,56,74],"public":[49],"procurements":[50],"has":[51],"inducing":[54],"which":[57],"meta-norms":[58],"are":[59,132,141],"unnecessary.":[60],"also":[62],"show":[63],"punishment":[65],"for":[66],"deviation":[67],"from":[68],"plays":[70],"critical":[72],"role":[73],"establishing":[75],"maintaining":[77],"it.":[78],"In":[79],"addition,":[80],"we":[81],"explore":[82],"authorities'":[84],"actions":[85],"by":[89],"examining":[90],"three":[91,159],"measures:":[92],"flexible":[94,143],"setting":[95,144],"reserve":[97,146],"prices,":[98],"administrative":[100,126],"surcharge":[101,127],"leniency":[103,130],"under":[105,114],"Antimonopoly":[107],"Law,":[108],"applying":[110,149],"offense":[113],"Criminal":[116],"Law.":[117],"As":[118],"result,":[120],"reveals":[123],"insufficient":[133],"bid-rigging,":[136],"adequate":[139],"prices":[147],"offense.":[152],"Furthermore,":[153],"simultaneous":[155],"implementation":[156],"these":[158],"more":[161],"effectively":[162],"enables":[163],"deterring":[164]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}