{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3199325769","doi":"https://doi.org/10.32614/rj-2022-048","title":"did2s: Two-Stage Difference-in-Differences","display_name":"did2s: Two-Stage Difference-in-Differences","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3199325769","doi":"https://doi.org/10.32614/rj-2022-048","mag":"3199325769"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.32614/rj-2022-048","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.32614/rj-2022-048","pdf_url":"https://journal.r-project.org/articles/RJ-2022-048/RJ-2022-048.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2489169438","display_name":"The R Journal","issn_l":"2073-4859","issn":["2073-4859"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The R Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://journal.r-project.org/articles/RJ-2022-048/RJ-2022-048.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011624976","display_name":"Kyle Butts","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9048-8059"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802236040","display_name":"University of Colorado System","ror":"https://ror.org/00jc20583","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802236040"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kyle Butts","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Colorado Boulder"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Colorado Boulder","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802236040","https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101844600","display_name":"John Gardner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2946-4282"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I368840534","display_name":"University of Mississippi","ror":"https://ror.org/02teq1165","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I368840534","https://openalex.org/I4210141039"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Gardner","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Mississippi"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Mississippi","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I368840534"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0142146,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"3","first_page":"162","last_page":"173"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10845","display_name":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","score":0.9843000173568726,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10845","display_name":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","score":0.9843000173568726,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimator","display_name":"Estimator","score":0.8533328175544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/syntax","display_name":"Syntax","score":0.8271437883377075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/r-package","display_name":"R package","score":0.7158272862434387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/event","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","score":0.6509690284729004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5549854040145874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/econometrics","display_name":"Econometrics","score":0.5473324656486511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plot","display_name":"Plot (graphics)","score":0.5069399476051331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.4819614589214325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.4290655851364136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.31583982706069946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.27508217096328735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.227200448513031}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.8533328175544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60048249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37437","display_name":"Syntax","level":2,"score":0.8271437883377075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984074130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q73539779","display_name":"R package","level":2,"score":0.7158272862434387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779662365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","level":2,"score":0.6509690284729004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5549854040145874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.5473324656486511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167651023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1474611","display_name":"Plot (graphics)","level":2,"score":0.5069399476051331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4819614589214325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.4290655851364136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.31583982706069946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.27508217096328735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.227200448513031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.32614/rj-2022-048","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.32614/rj-2022-048","pdf_url":"https://journal.r-project.org/articles/RJ-2022-048/RJ-2022-048.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2489169438","display_name":"The R Journal","issn_l":"2073-4859","issn":["2073-4859"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The R Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2109.05913","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2109.05913","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2109.05913","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3199325769","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ideas.repec.org/p/arx/papers/2109.05913.html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:arx:papers:2109.05913","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2109.05913","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2109.05913","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.32614/rj-2022-048","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.32614/rj-2022-048","pdf_url":"https://journal.r-project.org/articles/RJ-2022-048/RJ-2022-048.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2489169438","display_name":"The R Journal","issn_l":"2073-4859","issn":["2073-4859"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The R Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3199325769.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2318460400","https://openalex.org/W2795047867","https://openalex.org/W2907760633","https://openalex.org/W3112066496","https://openalex.org/W3122538646","https://openalex.org/W4285483857","https://openalex.org/W6790298415"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1795468129","https://openalex.org/W3121341050","https://openalex.org/W2270538848","https://openalex.org/W2189435777","https://openalex.org/W3008098971"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"work":[1],"has":[2],"highlighted":[3],"the":[4,11,24,30,42,48,51,55,71],"difficulties":[5],"of":[6,41,70],"estimating":[7],"difference-in-differences":[8],"models":[9],"when":[10],"treatment":[12],"is":[13],"adopted":[14],"at":[15],"different":[16,19],"times":[17],"for":[18,50],"units.":[20],"This":[21],"article":[22,36],"introduces":[23,47,57],"R":[25],"package":[26,56],"did2s":[27],"which":[28,62],"implements":[29],"estimator":[31],"introduced":[32],"in":[33],"@Gardner_2021.":[34],"The":[35],"provides":[37],"an":[38],"approachable":[39],"review":[40],"underlying":[43],"econometric":[44],"theory":[45],"and":[46,60],"syntax":[49,66],"function":[52],"`did2s`.":[53],"Further,":[54],"functions,":[58],"event_study":[59],"plot_event_study,":[61],"uses":[63],"a":[64],"common":[65],"to":[67],"implement":[68],"all":[69],"modern":[72],"event-study":[73],"estimators.":[74]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-03T08:13:44.112507","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}