{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415786642","doi":"https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2025.070930","title":"Smart Contract Vulnerability Detection Based on Symbolic Execution and Graph Neural Networks","display_name":"Smart Contract Vulnerability Detection Based on Symbolic Execution and Graph Neural Networks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415786642","doi":"https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2025.070930"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.32604/cmc.2025.070930","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2025.070930","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191605","display_name":"Computers, materials & continua/Computers, materials & continua (Print)","issn_l":"1546-2218","issn":["1546-2218","1546-2226"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers, Materials & Continua","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2025.070930","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100640699","display_name":"Haoxin Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4626-2079"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haoxin Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091551174","display_name":"Yu Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9357-7671"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiao Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021580821","display_name":"Jiale Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4769-3647"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiale Li","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101804721","display_name":"Yiwen Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7767-0235"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yitong Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075560272","display_name":"Jie Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5655-6014"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100334077","display_name":"Huanhuan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4293-4763"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huanhuan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026287089","display_name":"Yuanzhang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1931-366X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuanzhang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003198271","display_name":"Yu\u2010an Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6404-8853"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu-An Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.7179,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95593587,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"86","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"15"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.7192000150680542,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.7192000150680542,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.02889999933540821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13429","display_name":"Electricity Theft Detection Techniques","score":0.014700000174343586,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.5703999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/symbolic-execution","display_name":"Symbolic execution","score":0.569100022315979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-flow-graph","display_name":"Control flow graph","score":0.49950000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.49880000948905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-flow","display_name":"Control flow","score":0.4733999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability-assessment","display_name":"Vulnerability assessment","score":0.4318999946117401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.4011000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.3707999885082245}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8069000244140625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5703999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779639559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7661178","display_name":"Symbolic execution","level":3,"score":0.569100022315979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27458966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1187693","display_name":"Control flow graph","level":2,"score":0.49950000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.49880000948905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160191386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868299","display_name":"Control flow","level":2,"score":0.4733999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167063184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1400839","display_name":"Vulnerability assessment","level":3,"score":0.4318999946117401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.4011000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3707999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3402000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.3346000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88468194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172416","display_name":"Data-flow analysis","level":3,"score":0.32269999384880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114809511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412924","display_name":"Flow network","level":2,"score":0.31790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2935999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.29330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.28439998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2809999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C489000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747385","display_name":"Data flow diagram","level":2,"score":0.2770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141121606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8142","display_name":"Currency","level":2,"score":0.2766000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527821871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228502","display_name":"Access control","level":2,"score":0.27300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182590292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989632","display_name":"Network security","level":2,"score":0.25609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2549000084400177}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.32604/cmc.2025.070930","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2025.070930","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191605","display_name":"Computers, materials & continua/Computers, materials & continua (Print)","issn_l":"1546-2218","issn":["1546-2218","1546-2226"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers, Materials & Continua","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.32604/cmc.2025.070930","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2025.070930","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191605","display_name":"Computers, materials & continua/Computers, materials & continua (Print)","issn_l":"1546-2218","issn":["1546-2218","1546-2226"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers, Materials & Continua","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Since":[0],"the":[1,15,21,25,30,55,85,140],"advent":[2],"of":[3,17,24,110,146],"smart":[4,93],"contracts,":[5,115],"security":[6,39],"vulnerabilities":[7,150],"have":[8],"remained":[9],"a":[10,59,107,133],"persistent":[11],"challenge,":[12],"compromsing":[13],"both":[14],"reliability":[16],"contract":[18],"execution":[19,69,117],"and":[20,88,151],"overall":[22,127],"stability":[23],"virtual":[26],"currency":[27],"market.":[28],"Consequently,":[29],"academic":[31],"community":[32],"has":[33],"devoted":[34],"increasing":[35],"attention":[36],"to":[37,44,82,102,120],"these":[38,113],"risks.":[40],"However,":[41],"conventional":[42],"approaches":[43],"vulnerability":[45,61],"detection":[46,62,128,144],"frequently":[47],"exhibit":[48],"limited":[49],"accuracy.":[50],"To":[51],"address":[52],"this":[53],"limitation,":[54],"present":[56],"study":[57],"introduces":[58],"novel":[60],"framework":[63],"called":[64],"GNNSE":[65],"that":[66,139],"integrates":[67],"symbolic":[68,116],"with":[70,106],"graph":[71],"neural":[72],"networks":[73],"(GNNs).":[74],"The":[75],"proposed":[76,141],"method":[77,142],"first":[78],"constructs":[79],"semantic":[80],"graphs":[81,96],"comprehensively":[83],"capture":[84],"control":[86],"flow":[87,90],"data":[89],"dependencies":[91],"within":[92],"contracts.":[94],"These":[95],"are":[97],"subsequently":[98],"processed":[99],"using":[100],"GNNs":[101],"efficiently":[103],"identify":[104],"contracts":[105,137],"high":[108],"likelihood":[109],"vulnerabilities.":[111,155],"For":[112],"high-risk":[114],"is":[118],"employed":[119],"perform":[121],"fine-grained,":[122],"path-level":[123],"analysis,":[124],"thereby":[125],"improving":[126],"precision.":[129],"Experimental":[130],"results":[131],"on":[132],"dataset":[134],"comprising":[135],"10,079":[136],"demonstrate":[138],"achieves":[143],"precisions":[145],"93.58%":[147],"for":[148,153],"reentrancy":[149],"92.73%":[152],"timestamp-dependent":[154]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-11-03T00:00:00"}