{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416393838","doi":"https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2025.068668","title":"AT-Net: A Semi-Supervised Framework for Asparagus Pathogenic Spore Detection under Complex Backgrounds","display_name":"AT-Net: A Semi-Supervised Framework for Asparagus Pathogenic Spore Detection under Complex Backgrounds","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416393838","doi":"https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2025.068668"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.32604/cmc.2025.068668","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2025.068668","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191605","display_name":"Computers, materials & continua/Computers, materials & continua (Print)","issn_l":"1546-2218","issn":["1546-2218","1546-2226"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers, Materials &amp; Continua","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2025.068668","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101577667","display_name":"Jiajun Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9029-3163"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jiajun Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111305046","display_name":"Shunshun Ji","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shunshun Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100460201","display_name":"Chao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7400-5803"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101577667"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.2434957,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"86","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"23"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.954800009727478,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.954800009727478,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.006399999838322401,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.0044999998062849045,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.5482000112533569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spore","display_name":"Spore","score":0.47859999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4187000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asparagus","display_name":"Asparagus","score":0.4104999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blight","display_name":"Blight","score":0.3935999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathosystem","display_name":"Pathosystem","score":0.39309999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.36480000615119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.3443000018596649}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.5482000112533569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174618031","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177332","display_name":"Spore","level":2,"score":0.47859999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.43970000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4187000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.41679999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776879769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2853420","display_name":"Asparagus","level":2,"score":0.4104999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182076605","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4273292","display_name":"Blight","level":2,"score":0.3935999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23209589","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3368724","display_name":"Pathosystem","level":3,"score":0.39309999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.37049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.36480000615119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3443000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781018962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164884","display_name":"Container (type theory)","level":2,"score":0.34060001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775941552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25212305","display_name":"Isolation (microbiology)","level":2,"score":0.3402000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151201525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177239","display_name":"Limit (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.32670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.2996000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777402240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6783436","display_name":"Masking (illustration)","level":2,"score":0.28790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019235130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188956","display_name":"Plant disease","level":2,"score":0.2847000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126422989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93586","display_name":"Feature detection (computer vision)","level":4,"score":0.2728999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.2718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2651999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.26249998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.2538999915122986}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.32604/cmc.2025.068668","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2025.068668","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191605","display_name":"Computers, materials & continua/Computers, materials & continua (Print)","issn_l":"1546-2218","issn":["1546-2218","1546-2226"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers, Materials &amp; Continua","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.32604/cmc.2025.068668","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2025.068668","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191605","display_name":"Computers, materials & continua/Computers, materials & continua (Print)","issn_l":"1546-2218","issn":["1546-2218","1546-2226"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers, Materials &amp; Continua","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Asparagus":[0],"stem":[1],"blight":[2],"is":[3,16,27,57,71,91,100,118,147],"a":[4,52,66,88,114,154],"devastating":[5],"crop":[6],"disease,":[7],"and":[8,22,36,45,136,169,178,202,213,231],"the":[9,75,94,104,123,130,138,144,163,173,195,206],"early":[10,232],"detection":[11,26,55,76,193,200,220,230],"of":[12,78,132,140,184],"its":[13,42],"pathogenic":[14],"spores":[15],"essential":[17],"for":[18,59,126,149,216,227],"effective":[19],"disease":[20,233],"control":[21],"prevention.":[23],"However,":[24],"spore":[25,54,219,229],"still":[28],"hindered":[29],"by":[30,176],"complex":[31,62],"backgrounds,":[32],"small":[33],"target":[34],"sizes,":[35],"high":[37],"annotation":[38],"costs,":[39],"which":[40],"limit":[41],"practical":[43],"application":[44,239],"widespread":[46],"adoption.":[47],"To":[48],"address":[49],"these":[50],"issues,":[51],"semi-supervised":[53,141,192],"framework":[56,165,207],"proposed":[58,164,196],"use":[60],"under":[61],"background":[63],"conditions.":[64],"Firstly,":[65],"difficulty":[67,77,86],"perception":[68],"scoring":[69],"function":[70],"designed":[72],"to":[73,102,106,120],"quantify":[74],"each":[79],"image":[80],"region.":[81],"For":[82],"regions":[83,96],"with":[84,189,236],"higher":[85],"scores,":[87],"masking":[89],"strategy":[90],"applied,":[92],"while":[93],"remaining":[95],"are":[97],"adversarial":[98],"augmentation":[99],"applied":[101],"encourage":[103],"model":[105],"learn":[107],"from":[108],"challenging":[109],"areas":[110],"more":[111,155],"effectively.":[112],"Secondly,":[113],"Gaussian":[115],"Mixture":[116],"Model":[117],"employed":[119],"dynamically":[121],"adjust":[122],"allocation":[124],"threshold":[125],"pseudo-labels,":[127],"thereby":[128],"reducing":[129],"influence":[131],"unreliable":[133],"supervision":[134],"signals":[135],"enhancing":[137],"stability":[139],"learning.":[142],"Finally,":[143],"Wasserstein":[145],"distance":[146],"introduced":[148],"object":[150],"localization":[151],"refinement,":[152],"offering":[153],"robust":[156],"positioning":[157],"approach.":[158],"Experimental":[159],"results":[160],"demonstrate":[161],"that":[162],"achieves":[166],"88.9%":[167],"mAP50":[168],"60.7%":[170],"mAP50\u201395,":[171],"surpassing":[172],"baseline":[174],"method":[175,197],"4.2%":[177],"4.6%,":[179],"respectively,":[180],"using":[181],"only":[182,209],"10%":[183],"labeled":[185],"data.":[186],"In":[187,204],"comparison":[188],"other":[190],"state-of-the-art":[191],"models,":[194],"exhibits":[198],"superior":[199],"accuracy":[201],"robustness.":[203],"conclusion,":[205],"not":[208],"offers":[210],"an":[211],"efficient":[212],"reliable":[214],"solution":[215],"plant":[217],"pathogen":[218],"but":[221],"also":[222],"provides":[223],"strong":[224],"algorithmic":[225],"support":[226],"real-time":[228],"warning":[234],"systems,":[235],"significant":[237],"engineering":[238],"potential.":[240]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-29T09:16:38.111599","created_date":"2025-11-20T00:00:00"}
