{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7083209625","doi":"https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2025.068319","title":"Federated Learning in Convergence ICT: A Systematic Review on Recent Advancements, Challenges, and Future Directions","display_name":"Federated Learning in Convergence ICT: A Systematic Review on Recent Advancements, Challenges, and Future Directions","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7083209625","doi":"https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2025.068319"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.32604/cmc.2025.068319","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2025.068319","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191605","display_name":"Computers, materials & continua/Computers, materials & continua (Print)","issn_l":"1546-2218","issn":["1546-2218","1546-2226"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers, Materials & Continua","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2025.068319","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Imran Ahmed","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Imran Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Misbah Ahmad","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Misbah Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Gwanggil Jeon","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gwanggil Jeon","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.534,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88956945,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"85","issue":"3","first_page":"4237","last_page":"4273"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13523","display_name":"Mathematics, Computing, and Information Processing","score":0.020400000736117363,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13523","display_name":"Mathematics, Computing, and Information Processing","score":0.020400000736117363,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13398","display_name":"Data Analysis with R","score":0.013799999840557575,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13650","display_name":"Computational Physics and Python Applications","score":0.011800000444054604,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.5511999726295471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-and-communications-technology","display_name":"Information and Communications Technology","score":0.5091999769210815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5019999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.46320000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.3912999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.35530000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-device","display_name":"Edge device","score":0.35350000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.351500004529953}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7153000235557556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.5511999726295471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67363961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5268834","display_name":"Information and Communications Technology","level":2,"score":0.5091999769210815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5019999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.46320000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.45419999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.3912999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.35530000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.35350000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.351500004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118916094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2207328","display_name":"Technological convergence","level":2,"score":0.3402999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.3310000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58642233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8269924","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3133000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53619493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4787093","display_name":"Architecture framework","level":3,"score":0.29989999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.29179999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121017731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11661","display_name":"Information technology","level":2,"score":0.2840000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.2809999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.2797999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.27480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184356942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830382","display_name":"Best practice","level":2,"score":0.25839999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.2563999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.2549999952316284}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.32604/cmc.2025.068319","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2025.068319","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191605","display_name":"Computers, materials & continua/Computers, materials & continua (Print)","issn_l":"1546-2218","issn":["1546-2218","1546-2226"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers, Materials & Continua","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.32604/cmc.2025.068319","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2025.068319","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191605","display_name":"Computers, materials & continua/Computers, materials & continua (Print)","issn_l":"1546-2218","issn":["1546-2218","1546-2226"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers, Materials & Continua","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2120513799","https://openalex.org/W3015636663","https://openalex.org/W3016632787","https://openalex.org/W3097318805","https://openalex.org/W3123459983","https://openalex.org/W3140753276","https://openalex.org/W3178709966","https://openalex.org/W3205598877","https://openalex.org/W4230166379","https://openalex.org/W4286688121","https://openalex.org/W4293118107","https://openalex.org/W4294733424","https://openalex.org/W4378576131","https://openalex.org/W4382204526","https://openalex.org/W4384028549","https://openalex.org/W4385338532","https://openalex.org/W4386766438","https://openalex.org/W4387400330","https://openalex.org/W4388262769","https://openalex.org/W4388666567","https://openalex.org/W4389921335","https://openalex.org/W4390939372","https://openalex.org/W4392901776","https://openalex.org/W4394595793","https://openalex.org/W4396817532","https://openalex.org/W4399110787","https://openalex.org/W4400880699","https://openalex.org/W4402468629","https://openalex.org/W4402475093","https://openalex.org/W4403722092","https://openalex.org/W4404508843","https://openalex.org/W4404739159","https://openalex.org/W4404799659","https://openalex.org/W4406857000","https://openalex.org/W4407072668","https://openalex.org/W4407168550","https://openalex.org/W4407480078","https://openalex.org/W4407606524","https://openalex.org/W4407802552","https://openalex.org/W4408386005","https://openalex.org/W4410115271"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,146],"rapid":[1],"convergence":[2],"of":[3,23,129,140,186,196],"Information":[4],"and":[5,20,41,79,89,102,126,164,189,201,221,231,237,249,269,275,296],"Communication":[6],"Technologies":[7],"(ICT),":[8],"driven":[9],"by":[10,192],"advancements":[11],"in":[12,84,170,173,259,300],"5G/6G":[13],"networks,":[14],"cloud":[15],"computing,":[16,274],"Artificial":[17],"Intelligence":[18],"(AI),":[19],"the":[21,59,114,123,167],"Internet":[22],"Things":[24],"(IoT),":[25],"is":[26,45],"reshaping":[27],"modern":[28],"digital":[29],"ecosystems.":[30,303],"As":[31],"massive,":[32],"distributed":[33],"data":[34,232],"streams":[35],"are":[36,166],"generated":[37],"across":[38,212],"edge":[39,104,235],"devices":[40],"network":[42,60],"layers,":[43],"there":[44],"a":[46,117,136,183,193,288],"growing":[47],"need":[48],"for":[49],"intelligent,":[50],"privacy-preserving":[51,202],"AI":[52],"solutions":[53],"that":[54,121],"can":[55,155],"operate":[56],"efficiently":[57],"at":[58],"edge.":[61],"Federated":[62],"Learning":[63],"(FL)":[64],"enables":[65],"decentralized":[66],"model":[67,251],"training":[68],"without":[69],"transferring":[70],"sensitive":[71],"data,":[72],"addressing":[73],"key":[74],"challenges":[75,169],"around":[76],"privacy,":[77],"bandwidth,":[78],"latency.":[80],"Despite":[81],"its":[82],"benefits":[83],"enhancing":[85],"efficiency,":[86],"real-time":[87],"analytics,":[88],"regulatory":[90],"compliance,":[91],"FL":[92,141,156,172,187,197,260,298],"adoption":[93],"faces":[94],"challenges,":[95],"including":[96,215,244],"communication":[97],"overhead,":[98],"heterogeneity,":[99,233],"security":[100,238],"vulnerabilities,":[101],"limited":[103,234],"resources.":[105],"While":[106],"recent":[107],"studies":[108],"have":[109],"addressed":[110],"these":[111],"issues":[112],"individually,":[113],"literature":[115,284],"lacks":[116],"unified,":[118],"cross-domain":[119,138],"perspective":[120],"reflects":[122],"architectural":[124],"complexity":[125],"application":[127,211],"diversity":[128],"Convergence":[130,161],"ICT.":[131],"This":[132,278],"systematic":[133],"review":[134,152,240,279],"offers":[135],"comprehensive,":[137],"examination":[139],"within":[142],"converged":[143],"ICT":[144,162,302],"infrastructures.":[145],"central":[147],"research":[148],"question":[149],"guiding":[150],"this":[151],"is:":[153],"How":[154],"be":[157],"effectively":[158],"integrated":[159],"into":[160],"environments,":[163,175],"what":[165],"main":[168],"implementing":[171],"such":[174,262],"along":[176],"with":[177,182,271],"possible":[178],"solutions?":[179],"We":[180,224],"begin":[181],"foundational":[184],"overview":[185],"concepts":[188],"classifications,":[190],"followed":[191],"detailed":[194],"taxonomy":[195],"architectures,":[198],"learning":[199],"strategies,":[200,243],"mechanisms.":[203],"Through":[204],"in-depth":[205],"case":[206],"studies,":[207],"we":[208,255],"analyse":[209],"FL\u2019s":[210],"diverse":[213],"verticals,":[214],"smart":[216],"cities,":[217],"healthcare,":[218],"industrial":[219],"automation,":[220],"autonomous":[222],"systems.":[223],"further":[225],"identify":[226],"critical":[227],"challenges\u2014such":[228],"as":[229,263],"system":[230],"resources,":[236],"vulnerabilities\u2014and":[239],"state-of-the-art":[241],"mitigation":[242],"edge-aware":[245],"optimization,":[246],"secure":[247],"aggregation,":[248],"adaptive":[250],"updates.":[252],"In":[253],"addition,":[254],"explore":[256],"emerging":[257],"directions":[258],"research,":[261],"energy-efficient":[264],"learning,":[265,268],"federated":[266],"reinforcement":[267],"integration":[270],"blockchain,":[272],"quantum":[273],"self-adaptive":[276],"networks.":[277],"not":[280],"only":[281],"synthesizes":[282],"current":[283],"but":[285],"also":[286],"proposes":[287],"forward-looking":[289],"road":[290],"map":[291],"to":[292],"support":[293],"scalable,":[294],"secure,":[295],"sustainable":[297],"deployment":[299],"future":[301]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-26T15:22:09.906841","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}