{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412513097","doi":"https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2025.063189","title":"Efficient Arabic Essay Scoring with Hybrid Models: Feature Selection, Data Optimization, and Performance Trade-Offs","display_name":"Efficient Arabic Essay Scoring with Hybrid Models: Feature Selection, Data Optimization, and Performance Trade-Offs","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412513097","doi":"https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2025.063189"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.32604/cmc.2025.063189","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2025.063189","pdf_url":"https://cdn.techscience.press/files/cmc/2025/TSP_CMC-86-1/TSP_CMC_63189/TSP_CMC_63189.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191605","display_name":"Computers, materials & continua/Computers, materials & continua (Print)","issn_l":"1546-2218","issn":["1546-2218","1546-2226"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers, Materials & Continua","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://cdn.techscience.press/files/cmc/2025/TSP_CMC-86-1/TSP_CMC_63189/TSP_CMC_63189.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024732617","display_name":"Mohamed Ezz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8571-8828"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199702508","display_name":"Jouf University","ror":"https://ror.org/02zsyt821","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199702508"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Ezz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72388, Saudi Arabia 2 Information Systems Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72388, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72388, Saudi Arabia 2 Information Systems Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72388, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199702508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006122294","display_name":"Meshrif Alruily","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9479-1848"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199702508","display_name":"Jouf University","ror":"https://ror.org/02zsyt821","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199702508"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meshrif Alruily","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72388, Saudi Arabia 2 Information Systems Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72388, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72388, Saudi Arabia 2 Information Systems Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72388, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199702508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077775113","display_name":"Ayman Mohamed Mostafa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9526-2577"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199702508","display_name":"Jouf University","ror":"https://ror.org/02zsyt821","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199702508"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ayman Mohamed Mostafa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72388, Saudi Arabia 2 Information Systems Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72388, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72388, Saudi Arabia 2 Information Systems Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72388, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199702508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031479539","display_name":"Alaa Alaerjan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2926-6083"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199702508","display_name":"Jouf University","ror":"https://ror.org/02zsyt821","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199702508"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alaa S. Alaerjan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72388, Saudi Arabia 2 Information Systems Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72388, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72388, Saudi Arabia 2 Information Systems Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72388, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199702508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044331344","display_name":"Bader Aldughayfiq","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9584-0560"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199702508","display_name":"Jouf University","ror":"https://ror.org/02zsyt821","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199702508"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bader Aldughayfiq","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72388, Saudi Arabia 2 Information Systems Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72388, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72388, Saudi Arabia 2 Information Systems Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72388, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199702508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088543490","display_name":"Hisham Allahem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0433-1478"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199702508","display_name":"Jouf University","ror":"https://ror.org/02zsyt821","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199702508"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hisham Allahem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72388, Saudi Arabia 2 Information Systems Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72388, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72388, Saudi Arabia 2 Information Systems Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72388, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199702508"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048086475","display_name":"Abdulaziz Shehab","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8610-7172"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199702508","display_name":"Jouf University","ror":"https://ror.org/02zsyt821","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199702508"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdulaziz Shehab","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72388, Saudi Arabia 2 Information Systems Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72388, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72388, Saudi Arabia 2 Information Systems Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72388, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199702508"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199702508"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.08366665,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"86","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"28"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9858999848365784,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10538","display_name":"Data Mining Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9768000245094299,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"Feature selection","score":0.7213517427444458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arabic","display_name":"Arabic","score":0.6920987963676453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6480038166046143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.644824206829071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5162339210510254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.507356584072113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.457006573677063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.129308819770813}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.7213517427444458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96455323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13955","display_name":"Arabic","level":2,"score":0.6920987963676453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6480038166046143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.644824206829071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5162339210510254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.507356584072113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.457006573677063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.129308819770813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.32604/cmc.2025.063189","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2025.063189","pdf_url":"https://cdn.techscience.press/files/cmc/2025/TSP_CMC-86-1/TSP_CMC_63189/TSP_CMC_63189.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191605","display_name":"Computers, materials & continua/Computers, materials & continua (Print)","issn_l":"1546-2218","issn":["1546-2218","1546-2226"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers, Materials & Continua","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.32604/cmc.2025.063189","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2025.063189","pdf_url":"https://cdn.techscience.press/files/cmc/2025/TSP_CMC-86-1/TSP_CMC_63189/TSP_CMC_63189.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191605","display_name":"Computers, materials & continua/Computers, materials & continua (Print)","issn_l":"1546-2218","issn":["1546-2218","1546-2226"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers, Materials & Continua","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412513097.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412513097.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4249048193","https://openalex.org/W3000360420","https://openalex.org/W1931440630","https://openalex.org/W3172144307","https://openalex.org/W4396855230","https://openalex.org/W3184247917","https://openalex.org/W2566442783","https://openalex.org/W4235657630","https://openalex.org/W4386564352","https://openalex.org/W2952668426"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automated":[0],"essay":[1,64,77,116],"scoring":[2,65],"(AES)":[3],"systems":[4,26],"have":[5],"gained":[6],"significant":[7],"importance":[8],"in":[9,134,237],"educational":[10],"settings,":[11],"offering":[12],"a":[13,48,74,103,106,135,151],"scalable,":[14],"efficient,":[15],"and":[16,39,58,97,131,145,218],"objective":[17],"method":[18],"for":[19,27,230],"evaluating":[20],"student":[21],"essays.":[22],"However,":[23],"developing":[24,231],"AES":[25,53,234],"Arabic":[28,52,76,233],"poses":[29],"distinct":[30],"challenges":[31,242],"due":[32],"to":[33,51,62,88,114,172,192],"the":[34,40,69,83,90,158,202,224,227],"language\u2019s":[35],"complex":[36],"morphology,":[37],"diglossia,":[38],"scarcity":[41],"of":[42,92,143,148,201,210,226],"annotated":[43],"datasets.":[44],"This":[45],"paper":[46],"presents":[47],"hybrid":[49,228],"approach":[50,182,229],"by":[54],"combining":[55,128],"text-based,":[56,130],"vector-based,":[57],"embedding-based":[59],"similarity":[60],"measures":[61],"improve":[63],"accuracy":[66,147],"while":[67,243],"minimizing":[68],"training":[70,181,186],"data":[71,95,179,187,203,246],"required.":[72],"Using":[73],"large":[75],"dataset":[78],"categorized":[79],"into":[80],"thematic":[81],"groups,":[82],"study":[84,195],"conducted":[85],"four":[86],"experiments":[87,120],"evaluate":[89],"impact":[91],"feature":[93,159],"selection,":[94],"size,":[96],"model":[98,139],"performance.":[99],"Experiment":[100,124,154,175],"1":[101],"established":[102],"baseline":[104],"using":[105,198],"non-machine":[107],"learning":[108],"approach,":[109],"selecting":[110],"top-N":[111],"correlated":[112,165],"features":[113,133,166],"predict":[115],"scores.":[117],"The":[118,194],"subsequent":[119],"employed":[121],"5-fold":[122],"cross-validation.":[123],"2":[125],"showed":[126],"that":[127,163,197],"embedding-based,":[129],"vector-based":[132],"Random":[136],"Forest":[137],"(RF)":[138],"achieved":[140,204],"an":[141,146,177,208,213],"R2":[142,171,209],"88.92%":[144],"83.3%":[149],"within":[150],"0.5-point":[152],"tolerance.":[153],"3":[155],"further":[156],"refined":[157],"selection":[160],"process,":[161],"demonstrating":[162],"19":[164],"yielded":[167],"optimal":[168,178],"results,":[169],"improving":[170],"88.95%.":[173],"In":[174],"4,":[176],"efficiency":[180],"was":[183],"introduced,":[184],"where":[185],"portions":[188],"increased":[189],"from":[190],"5%":[191],"50%.":[193],"found":[196],"just":[199],"10%":[200],"near-peak":[205],"performance,":[206],"with":[207],"85.49%,":[211],"emphasizing":[212],"effective":[214],"trade-off":[215],"between":[216],"performance":[217],"computational":[219],"costs.":[220],"These":[221],"findings":[222],"highlight":[223],"potential":[225],"scalable":[232],"systems,":[235],"especially":[236],"low-resource":[238],"environments,":[239],"addressing":[240],"linguistic":[241],"ensuring":[244],"efficient":[245],"usage.":[247]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-25T06:16:34.145877","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}