{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3094432321","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/sw-200390","title":"A comparative study of methods for a priori prediction of MCQ difficulty","display_name":"A comparative study of methods for a priori prediction of MCQ difficulty","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3094432321","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/sw-200390","mag":"3094432321"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/sw-200390","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/sw-200390","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210177235","display_name":"Semantic Web","issn_l":"1570-0844","issn":["1570-0844","2210-4968"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Semantic Web","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://research.manchester.ac.uk/en/publications/c5f294bc-a9bf-48c1-82fa-da1af1e10fcb","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091777302","display_name":"Ghader Kurdi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1745-5581"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28407311","display_name":"University of Manchester","ror":"https://ror.org/027m9bs27","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ghader Kurdi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M139PL, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M139PL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007379458","display_name":"Jared Leo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28407311","display_name":"University of Manchester","ror":"https://ror.org/027m9bs27","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jared Leo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M139PL, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M139PL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040603724","display_name":"Nicolas Matentzoglu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7356-1779"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28407311","display_name":"University of Manchester","ror":"https://ror.org/027m9bs27","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicolas Matentzoglu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M139PL, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M139PL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005432645","display_name":"Bijan Parsia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3222-7571"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28407311","display_name":"University of Manchester","ror":"https://ror.org/027m9bs27","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bijan Parsia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M139PL, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M139PL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072391425","display_name":"Ulrike Sattler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4103-3389"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28407311","display_name":"University of Manchester","ror":"https://ror.org/027m9bs27","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Uli Sattler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M139PL, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M139PL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025004015","display_name":"Sophie Forge","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160498","display_name":"RELX Group (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05k2n4n22","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210160498","https://openalex.org/I4210160603"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sophie Forge","raw_affiliation_strings":["Elsevier, 1600 John F. Kennedy Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Elsevier, 1600 John F. Kennedy Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160498"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037778261","display_name":"Gina Donato","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160498","display_name":"RELX Group (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05k2n4n22","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210160498","https://openalex.org/I4210160603"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gina Donato","raw_affiliation_strings":["Elsevier, 1600 John F. Kennedy Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Elsevier, 1600 John F. Kennedy Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160498"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022018111","display_name":"Will Dowling","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160498","display_name":"RELX Group (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05k2n4n22","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210160498","https://openalex.org/I4210160603"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Will Dowling","raw_affiliation_strings":["Elsevier, 1600 John F. Kennedy Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Elsevier, 1600 John F. Kennedy Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160498"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5091777302"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0304,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75182749,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"3","first_page":"449","last_page":"465"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12574","display_name":"Clinical Reasoning and Diagnostic Skills","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2714","display_name":"Family Practice"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12574","display_name":"Clinical Reasoning and Diagnostic Skills","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2714","display_name":"Family Practice"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.9765999913215637,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11894","display_name":"Radiology practices and education","score":0.9715999960899353,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6908395886421204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proxy","display_name":"Proxy (statistics)","score":0.6791878342628479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measure","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","score":0.5808640718460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relation","display_name":"Relation (database)","score":0.5496051907539368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/a-priori-and-a-posteriori","display_name":"A priori and a posteriori","score":0.5347802639007568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ontology","display_name":"Ontology","score":0.5004293918609619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4885576665401459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4653065800666809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiple-choice","display_name":"Multiple choice","score":0.45983263850212097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3083376884460449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.20476379990577698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1191662847995758}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6908395886421204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780148112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432581","display_name":"Proxy (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.6791878342628479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.5808640718460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25343380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q277521","display_name":"Relation (database)","level":2,"score":0.5496051907539368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75553542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178161","display_name":"A priori and a posteriori","level":2,"score":0.5347802639007568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25810664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44325","display_name":"Ontology","level":2,"score":0.5004293918609619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4885576665401459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4653065800666809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176730311","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q867668","display_name":"Multiple choice","level":3,"score":0.45983263850212097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3083376884460449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.20476379990577698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1191662847995758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018023364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q425265","display_name":"Significant difference","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3233/sw-200390","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/sw-200390","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210177235","display_name":"Semantic Web","issn_l":"1570-0844","issn":["1570-0844","2210-4968"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Semantic Web","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire_cris_publications/c5f294bc-a9bf-48c1-82fa-da1af1e10fcb","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.manchester.ac.uk/en/publications/c5f294bc-a9bf-48c1-82fa-da1af1e10fcb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400662","display_name":"Research Explorer (The University of Manchester)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I28407311","host_organization_name":"University of Manchester","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Kurdi, G, Leo, J, Matentzoglu, N, Parsia, B, Sattler, U, Forge, S, Donato, G, Dowling, W & Gromann, D 2021, 'A comparative study of methods for a priori prediction of MCQ difficulty', Semantic Web, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 449-465. https://doi.org/10.3233/SW-200390","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire_cris_publications/c5f294bc-a9bf-48c1-82fa-da1af1e10fcb","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.manchester.ac.uk/en/publications/c5f294bc-a9bf-48c1-82fa-da1af1e10fcb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400662","display_name":"Research Explorer (The University of Manchester)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I28407311","host_organization_name":"University of Manchester","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Kurdi, G, Leo, J, Matentzoglu, N, Parsia, B, Sattler, U, Forge, S, Donato, G, Dowling, W & Gromann, D 2021, 'A comparative study of methods for a priori prediction of MCQ difficulty', Semantic Web, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 449-465. https://doi.org/10.3233/SW-200390","raw_type":"article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4320557","https://openalex.org/W45479546","https://openalex.org/W149388076","https://openalex.org/W154366741","https://openalex.org/W187744250","https://openalex.org/W236054775","https://openalex.org/W315951466","https://openalex.org/W611095317","https://openalex.org/W1496437928","https://openalex.org/W1519851042","https://openalex.org/W1601038846","https://openalex.org/W1645076061","https://openalex.org/W1901089376","https://openalex.org/W1966704939","https://openalex.org/W1970464282","https://openalex.org/W1981259145","https://openalex.org/W1992324773","https://openalex.org/W2029018117","https://openalex.org/W2042268434","https://openalex.org/W2047072044","https://openalex.org/W2048835638","https://openalex.org/W2085560797","https://openalex.org/W2104098335","https://openalex.org/W2120351503","https://openalex.org/W2130374691","https://openalex.org/W2135585801","https://openalex.org/W2141945954","https://openalex.org/W2143706264","https://openalex.org/W2160968678","https://openalex.org/W2183791654","https://openalex.org/W2267467978","https://openalex.org/W2272879260","https://openalex.org/W2295095715","https://openalex.org/W2317335287","https://openalex.org/W2325178692","https://openalex.org/W2472503215","https://openalex.org/W2478797006","https://openalex.org/W2525617277","https://openalex.org/W2573894086","https://openalex.org/W2742647296","https://openalex.org/W2745750801","https://openalex.org/W2913707177","https://openalex.org/W2989613245","https://openalex.org/W3086333017","https://openalex.org/W4237954715","https://openalex.org/W6600589075","https://openalex.org/W6606230599","https://openalex.org/W6607654803","https://openalex.org/W6694483935"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4388311650","https://openalex.org/W1974056099","https://openalex.org/W4245343541","https://openalex.org/W2386077341","https://openalex.org/W563589758","https://openalex.org/W5922282","https://openalex.org/W2954004777","https://openalex.org/W2949638731","https://openalex.org/W4255837520","https://openalex.org/W2951102138"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Successful":[0],"exams":[1],"require":[2],"a":[3,60,104],"balance":[4],"of":[5,35,46,80,100,106,127],"easy,":[6],"medium,":[7],"and":[8,38,48,72],"difficult":[9],"questions.":[10],"Question":[11],"difficulty":[12,78],"is":[13,25,41,52,58],"generally":[14],"either":[15],"estimated":[16],"by":[17],"an":[18,23],"expert":[19,56,91,134],"or":[20],"determined":[21],"after":[22],"exam":[24,98],"taken.":[26],"The":[27],"latter":[28],"provides":[29],"no":[30],"utility":[31],"for":[32,63,77],"the":[33,39,97],"generation":[34],"new":[36],"questions":[37,110],"former":[40],"expensive":[42],"both":[43],"in":[44,113],"terms":[45],"time":[47],"cost.":[49],"Additionally,":[50],"it":[51],"not":[53],"known":[54],"whether":[55],"prediction":[57,79,92,135],"indeed":[59],"good":[61],"proxy":[62],"estimating":[64],"question":[65],"difficulty.":[66],"In":[67],"this":[68],"paper,":[69],"we":[70],"analyse":[71],"compare":[73],"two":[74],"ontology-based":[75,120],"measures":[76],"multiple":[81,114],"choice":[82,115],"questions,":[83],"as":[84,86],"well":[85],"comparing":[87],"each":[88],"measure":[89,121],"with":[90],"(by":[93],"15":[94],"experts)":[95],"against":[96],"performance":[99,129],"12":[101],"residents":[102],"over":[103],"corpus":[105],"231":[107],"medical":[108],"case-based":[109],"that":[111],"are":[112],"format.":[116],"We":[117],"find":[118],"one":[119],"(relation":[122],"strength":[123],"indicativeness)":[124],"to":[125,133],"be":[126],"comparable":[128],"(accuracy":[130],"=":[131,138],"47%)":[132],"(average":[136],"accuracy":[137],"49%).":[139]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
