{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2963790884","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/sw-180338","title":"Hate speech detection: A\u00a0solved problem? The challenging case of long tail on Twitter","display_name":"Hate speech detection: A\u00a0solved problem? The challenging case of long tail on Twitter","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2963790884","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/sw-180338","mag":"2963790884"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/sw-180338","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/sw-180338","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210177235","display_name":"Semantic Web","issn_l":"1570-0844","issn":["1570-0844","2210-4968"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Semantic Web","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100404392","display_name":"Ziqi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8587-8618"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91136226","display_name":"University of Sheffield","ror":"https://ror.org/05krs5044","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ziqi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information School, University of Sheffield, Regent Court, Sheffield, S1 4DP, UK. E-mail:\u00a0ziqi.zhang@sheffield.ac.uk"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information School, University of Sheffield, Regent Court, Sheffield, S1 4DP, UK. E-mail:\u00a0ziqi.zhang@sheffield.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100372684","display_name":"Lei Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3203-1341"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142108993","display_name":"Southwest University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj4z117","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142108993"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Pharmaceutical Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China. E-mail:\u00a0drluolei@swu.edu.cn"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Pharmaceutical Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China. E-mail:\u00a0drluolei@swu.edu.cn","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142108993"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100404392"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":20.8154,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":300,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.994162,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"5","first_page":"925","last_page":"945"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13959","display_name":"Swearing, Euphemism, Multilingualism","score":0.9599999785423279,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9312999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5515751242637634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voice-activity-detection","display_name":"Voice activity detection","score":0.4840347170829773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.4427127242088318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3632451295852661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.34721261262893677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-processing","display_name":"Speech processing","score":0.11611756682395935}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5515751242637634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204201278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1332614","display_name":"Voice activity detection","level":3,"score":0.4840347170829773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.4427127242088318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3632451295852661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.34721261262893677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61328038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3358061","display_name":"Speech processing","level":2,"score":0.11611756682395935}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3233/sw-180338","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/sw-180338","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210177235","display_name":"Semantic Web","issn_l":"1570-0844","issn":["1570-0844","2210-4968"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Semantic Web","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6399999856948853,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W78136081","https://openalex.org/W80056832","https://openalex.org/W1071251684","https://openalex.org/W1492737170","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1871142974","https://openalex.org/W1924770834","https://openalex.org/W2041400887","https://openalex.org/W2044173330","https://openalex.org/W2047449974","https://openalex.org/W2156580264","https://openalex.org/W2160685721","https://openalex.org/W2181854537","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2270470215","https://openalex.org/W2311430799","https://openalex.org/W2340954483","https://openalex.org/W2399587463","https://openalex.org/W2412782625","https://openalex.org/W2473555522","https://openalex.org/W2515910099","https://openalex.org/W2562564313","https://openalex.org/W2563826943","https://openalex.org/W2564933006","https://openalex.org/W2572180805","https://openalex.org/W2595653137","https://openalex.org/W2604821579","https://openalex.org/W2613977835","https://openalex.org/W2620728056","https://openalex.org/W2740168486","https://openalex.org/W2741065173","https://openalex.org/W2794585602","https://openalex.org/W2806872289","https://openalex.org/W2885170888","https://openalex.org/W2963418282","https://openalex.org/W2963481894","https://openalex.org/W3103061166","https://openalex.org/W6604778402","https://openalex.org/W6606433420"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W191108438","https://openalex.org/W3135230428","https://openalex.org/W2904739811","https://openalex.org/W249088392","https://openalex.org/W2152158029","https://openalex.org/W2012540220","https://openalex.org/W2131711534","https://openalex.org/W2559837139","https://openalex.org/W1151175420","https://openalex.org/W2407342067"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,93],"recent":[1],"years,":[2],"the":[3,13,57,62,75,84,87,102,122,125,141,169,179,197,215],"increasing":[4],"propagation":[5],"of":[6,31,67,86,121,171,182,219],"hate":[7,38,52,76,130,172,183],"speech":[8,39,131,184],"on":[9,101,178,187],"social":[10],"media":[11],"and":[12,26,72,136,189],"urgent":[14],"need":[15],"for":[16,36,98,105,167],"effective":[17,166],"counter-measures":[18],"have":[19,33],"drawn":[20],"significant":[21,81],"investment":[22],"from":[23],"governments,":[24],"companies,":[25],"researchers.":[27],"A":[28],"large":[29],"number":[30],"methods":[32,175],"been":[34],"developed":[35],"automated":[37],"detection":[40],"online.":[41],"Thi":[42],"s":[43],"aims":[44],"to":[45,150,192,195,203],"classify":[46],"textual":[47],"content":[48],"into":[49],"non-hate":[50,90],"or":[51,210],"speech,":[53],"in":[54,74,124,140,144,207,214],"which":[55],"case":[56,218],"method":[58,200],"may":[59],"also":[60],"identify":[61],"targeting":[63],"characteristics":[64],"(i.e.,":[65,89],"types":[66],"hate,":[68],"such":[69],"as":[70,118,160],"race,":[71],"religion)":[73],"speech.":[77,173],"However,":[78],"we":[79,96],"notice":[80],"difference":[82],"between":[83],"performance":[85],"two":[88],"vs.":[91],"hate).":[92],"this":[94],"work,":[95],"argue":[97],"a":[99,113,145],"focus":[100],"latter":[103],"problem":[104],"practical":[106],"reasons.":[107],"We":[108,152],"show":[109],"that":[110,129,147,163],"it":[111],"is":[112,138,148],"much":[114],"more":[115,216],"challenging":[116,217],"task,":[117],"our":[119],"analysis":[120],"language":[123],"typical":[126],"datasets":[127,185],"shows":[128],"lacks":[132],"unique,":[133],"discriminative":[134],"features":[135],"therefore":[137],"found":[139],"\u2018long":[142],"tail\u2019":[143],"dataset":[146],"difficult":[149],"discover.":[151],"then":[153],"propose":[154],"Deep":[155],"Neural":[156],"Network":[157],"structures":[158],"serving":[159],"feature":[161],"extractors":[162],"are":[164,176,190],"particularly":[165],"capturing":[168],"semantics":[170],"Our":[174],"evaluated":[177],"largest":[180],"collection":[181],"based":[186],"Twitter,":[188],"shown":[191],"be":[193],"able":[194],"outperform":[196],"best":[198],"performing":[199],"by":[201],"up":[202],"5":[204],"percentage":[205,212],"points":[206,213],"macro-average":[208],"F1,":[209],"8":[211],"identifying":[220],"hateful":[221],"content.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":44},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":56},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":55},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":57},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-04-14T08:04:32.555800","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
