{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7162006829","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/shti260323","title":"Secure and Enhanced Cyber-Threat Detection in IoMT Using Locally Deployed Large Language Models","display_name":"Secure and Enhanced Cyber-Threat Detection in IoMT Using Locally Deployed Large Language Models","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7162006829","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/shti260323","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42174997"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/shti260323","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/shti260323","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210179765","display_name":"Studies in health technology and informatics","issn_l":"0926-9630","issn":["0926-9630","1879-8365"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Studies in Health Technology and Informatics","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/shti260323","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067603006","display_name":"Saadullah Farooq Abbasi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9814-3023"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","display_name":"University of Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/03angcq70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saadullah Farooq Abbasi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic, Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9814-3023","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic, Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136704123","display_name":"Muhammad Bilal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1715-4123"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Bilal","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1715-4123","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136671186","display_name":"Xuefei Ding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3073-9514"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","display_name":"University of Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/03angcq70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuefei Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic, Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3073-9514","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic, Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109403866","display_name":"Linxue Bai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0538-2307"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","display_name":"University of Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/03angcq70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linxue Bai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic, Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0538-2307","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic, Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067653515","display_name":"Omid Pournik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7938-0269"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","display_name":"University of Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/03angcq70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Omid Pournik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic, Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7938-0269","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic, Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035335908","display_name":"Saif ul Islam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9546-4195"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","display_name":"University of Warwick","ror":"https://ror.org/01a77tt86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saif Ul Islam","raw_affiliation_strings":["WMG, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9546-4195","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"WMG, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136708526","display_name":"Gregory Epiphaniou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1054-6368"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","display_name":"University of Warwick","ror":"https://ror.org/01a77tt86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gregory Epiphaniou","raw_affiliation_strings":["WMG, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1054-6368","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"WMG, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136625804","display_name":"Carsten Maple","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4715-212X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39555362","display_name":"University of Warwick","ror":"https://ror.org/01a77tt86","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carsten Maple","raw_affiliation_strings":["WMG, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4715-212X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"WMG, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39555362"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026657286","display_name":"Theodoros N. Arvanitis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5473-135X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","display_name":"University of Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/03angcq70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Theodoros N. Arvanitis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic, Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5473-135X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic, Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.57150179,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"336","issue":null,"first_page":"969","last_page":"973"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.20579999685287476,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.20579999685287476,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.10670000314712524,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.03709999844431877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compromise","display_name":"Compromise","score":0.6370999813079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.6273999810218811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.6129999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4194999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseline","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","score":0.38670000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/threat-model","display_name":"Threat model","score":0.37450000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.34360000491142273}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7688999772071838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46355384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q726686","display_name":"Compromise","level":2,"score":0.6370999813079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.6273999810218811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6207000017166138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.6129999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4194999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.38670000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140547941","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7797194","display_name":"Threat model","level":2,"score":0.37450000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.34360000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3165000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.2962000072002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.2906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179603123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1941921","display_name":"Modeling language","level":3,"score":0.28780001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75235859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q582659","display_name":"Exponential growth","level":2,"score":0.26190000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10511746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899388","display_name":"Data security","level":3,"score":0.2587999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527648132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189900","display_name":"Information security","level":2,"score":0.2563000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184842701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370563","display_name":"Cloud computing security","level":3,"score":0.25270000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121822524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5157582","display_name":"Computer security model","level":2,"score":0.2500999867916107}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000067917","descriptor_name":"Cloud Computing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000067917","descriptor_name":"Cloud Computing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000067917","descriptor_name":"Cloud Computing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000080487","descriptor_name":"Internet of Things","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000080487","descriptor_name":"Internet of Things","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000080487","descriptor_name":"Internet of Things","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098342","descriptor_name":"Large Language Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098342","descriptor_name":"Large Language Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098342","descriptor_name":"Large Language Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003219","descriptor_name":"Confidentiality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003219","descriptor_name":"Confidentiality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003219","descriptor_name":"Confidentiality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016494","descriptor_name":"Computer Security","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016494","descriptor_name":"Computer Security","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016494","descriptor_name":"Computer Security","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3233/shti260323","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/shti260323","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210179765","display_name":"Studies in health technology and informatics","issn_l":"0926-9630","issn":["0926-9630","1879-8365"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Studies in Health Technology and Informatics","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"pmid:42174997","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42174997","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Studies in health technology and informatics","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire/16c72b40-5abb-4387-b8d7-fac3c130a0cb","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/en/publications/16c72b40-5abb-4387-b8d7-fac3c130a0cb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402634","display_name":"University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","host_organization_name":"University of Birmingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"contributionToPeriodical"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/shti260323","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/shti260323","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210179765","display_name":"Studies in health technology and informatics","issn_l":"0926-9630","issn":["0926-9630","1879-8365"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Studies in Health Technology and Informatics","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6514590978622437,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,89],"Internet":[1],"of":[2],"Medical":[3],"Things":[4],"(IoMT)":[5],"is":[6],"growing":[7],"exponentially":[8],"with":[9],"the":[10],"advancements":[11],"in":[12,27],"image":[13],"processing,":[14],"large":[15],"language":[16],"models":[17],"(LLMs),":[18],"and":[19,33,73,85,104],"other":[20],"technologies.":[21],"However,":[22],"processing":[23],"patient-identifiable":[24],"information":[25],"(PII)":[26],"cloud":[28],"environments":[29],"raises":[30],"significant":[31],"security":[32],"compliance":[34],"concerns.":[35],"Existing":[36],"tools":[37],"provide":[38],"baseline":[39],"threat":[40],"detection;":[41],"however,":[42,59],"they":[43],"miss":[44],"complex":[45],"vulnerabilities.":[46],"Researchers":[47],"used":[48],"cloud-based":[49],"LLMs":[50],"such":[51],"as":[52],"GPT":[53],"or":[54],"Claude":[55],"to":[56,81],"enhance":[57],"detection,":[58],"these":[60],"approaches":[61],"compromise":[62],"privacy.":[63,106],"For":[64],"this":[65,67],"reason,":[66],"study":[68],"proposes":[69],"a":[70],"locally":[71,90],"deployed":[72,91],"cost-efficient":[74],"LLM":[75],"specifically,":[76],"Llama":[77,92],"3.1":[78,93],"(8B":[79],"parameters),":[80],"identify":[82],"additional":[83,97],"threats":[84],"recommend":[86],"mitigation":[87],"strategies.":[88],"model":[94],"identified":[95],"12":[96],"cyberthreats":[98],"beyond":[99],"SPYDERISK":[100],"improving":[101],"detection":[102],"coverage":[103],"preserving":[105]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-19T15:00:24.278416","created_date":"2026-05-22T00:00:00"}