{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413051395","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/shti251004","title":"From Text to Knowledge: An End-To-End Extraction Pipeline for Clinical Information","display_name":"From Text to Knowledge: An End-To-End Extraction Pipeline for Clinical Information","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413051395","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/shti251004","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40776022"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/shti251004","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/shti251004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210179765","display_name":"Studies in health technology and informatics","issn_l":"0926-9630","issn":["0926-9630","1879-8365"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Studies in Health Technology and Informatics","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/shti251004","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024233882","display_name":"M\u00e1rio Macedo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5309-2194"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32021983","display_name":"Christian-Albrechts-Universit\u00e4t zu Kiel","ror":"https://ror.org/04v76ef78","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32021983"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112713","display_name":"University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein","ror":"https://ror.org/01tvm6f46","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210112713"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9341345","display_name":"University of L\u00fcbeck","ror":"https://ror.org/00t3r8h32","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9341345"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M\u00e1rio Macedo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Medical Informatics and Statistics, Kiel University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany","Medical Data Integration Center, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5309-2194","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Medical Informatics and Statistics, Kiel University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32021983","https://openalex.org/I4210112713","https://openalex.org/I9341345"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Data Integration Center, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112713","https://openalex.org/I9341345"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070747857","display_name":"Joshua Wiedekopf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9902-6459"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112713","display_name":"University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein","ror":"https://ror.org/01tvm6f46","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210112713"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9341345","display_name":"University of L\u00fcbeck","ror":"https://ror.org/00t3r8h32","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9341345"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joshua Wiedekopf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Section for Clinical Research-IT, University of L\u00fcbeck and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, L\u00fcbeck, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9902-6459","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Section for Clinical Research-IT, University of L\u00fcbeck and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, L\u00fcbeck, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112713","https://openalex.org/I9341345"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106681462","display_name":"Tobias Hillmer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7260-5621"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32021983","display_name":"Christian-Albrechts-Universit\u00e4t zu Kiel","ror":"https://ror.org/04v76ef78","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32021983"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112713","display_name":"University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein","ror":"https://ror.org/01tvm6f46","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210112713"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9341345","display_name":"University of L\u00fcbeck","ror":"https://ror.org/00t3r8h32","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9341345"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tobias Hillmer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Medical Informatics and Statistics, Kiel University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany","Medical Data Integration Center, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7260-5621","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Medical Informatics and Statistics, Kiel University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32021983","https://openalex.org/I4210112713","https://openalex.org/I9341345"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Data Integration Center, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112713","https://openalex.org/I9341345"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072978778","display_name":"Bj\u00f6rn Schreiweis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1748-1563"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32021983","display_name":"Christian-Albrechts-Universit\u00e4t zu Kiel","ror":"https://ror.org/04v76ef78","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32021983"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112713","display_name":"University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein","ror":"https://ror.org/01tvm6f46","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210112713"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9341345","display_name":"University of L\u00fcbeck","ror":"https://ror.org/00t3r8h32","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9341345"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bj\u00f6rn Schreiweis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Medical Informatics and Statistics, Kiel University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany","Medical Data Integration Center, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1748-1563","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Medical Informatics and Statistics, Kiel University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32021983","https://openalex.org/I4210112713","https://openalex.org/I9341345"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Data Integration Center, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112713","https://openalex.org/I9341345"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019302177","display_name":"Sylvia Saalfeld","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7002-7917"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32021983","display_name":"Christian-Albrechts-Universit\u00e4t zu Kiel","ror":"https://ror.org/04v76ef78","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32021983"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112713","display_name":"University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein","ror":"https://ror.org/01tvm6f46","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210112713"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9341345","display_name":"University of L\u00fcbeck","ror":"https://ror.org/00t3r8h32","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9341345"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sylvia Saalfeld","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Medical Informatics and Statistics, Kiel University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7002-7917","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Medical Informatics and Statistics, Kiel University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32021983","https://openalex.org/I4210112713","https://openalex.org/I9341345"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002813701","display_name":"Hannes Ulrich","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8349-6798"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32021983","display_name":"Christian-Albrechts-Universit\u00e4t zu Kiel","ror":"https://ror.org/04v76ef78","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32021983"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112713","display_name":"University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein","ror":"https://ror.org/01tvm6f46","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210112713"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9341345","display_name":"University of L\u00fcbeck","ror":"https://ror.org/00t3r8h32","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9341345"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hannes Ulrich","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Medical Informatics and Statistics, Kiel University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8349-6798","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Medical Informatics and Statistics, Kiel University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32021983","https://openalex.org/I4210112713","https://openalex.org/I9341345"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.6367,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96411437,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"329","issue":null,"first_page":"1074","last_page":"1078"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.9800000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.9800000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9764999747276306,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9376999735832214,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workflow","display_name":"Workflow","score":0.7632496356964111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7508960962295532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/snomed-ct","display_name":"SNOMED CT","score":0.6975765228271484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.651123046875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.5746761560440063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-extraction","display_name":"Information extraction","score":0.5259573459625244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.45619991421699524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/substring","display_name":"Substring","score":0.410093754529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.4007120430469513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3710549473762512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.34529542922973633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3444158732891083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.33427274227142334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-structure","display_name":"Data structure","score":0.1663852334022522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.15203863382339478}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.7632496356964111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7508960962295532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206497026","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1753883","display_name":"SNOMED CT","level":3,"score":0.6975765228271484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.651123046875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.5746761560440063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195807954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662562","display_name":"Information extraction","level":2,"score":0.5259573459625244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.45619991421699524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182407805","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2626534","display_name":"Substring","level":3,"score":0.410093754529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.4007120430469513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3710549473762512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.34529542922973633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3444158732891083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.33427274227142334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162319229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175263","display_name":"Data structure","level":2,"score":0.1663852334022522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.15203863382339478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C547195049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1725664","display_name":"Terminology","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D005858","descriptor_name":"Germany","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005858","descriptor_name":"Germany","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D039061","descriptor_name":"Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D039061","descriptor_name":"Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057225","descriptor_name":"Data Mining","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057225","descriptor_name":"Data Mining","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3233/shti251004","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/shti251004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210179765","display_name":"Studies in health technology and informatics","issn_l":"0926-9630","issn":["0926-9630","1879-8365"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Studies in Health Technology and Informatics","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"pmid:40776022","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40776022","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Studies in health technology and informatics","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/shti251004","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/shti251004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210179765","display_name":"Studies in health technology and informatics","issn_l":"0926-9630","issn":["0926-9630","1879-8365"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Studies in Health Technology and Informatics","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.4699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2039735462","https://openalex.org/W4297803142","https://openalex.org/W2951665393","https://openalex.org/W2770499767","https://openalex.org/W2295806952","https://openalex.org/W2293521960","https://openalex.org/W172101468","https://openalex.org/W131864321","https://openalex.org/W4237480647","https://openalex.org/W3146821131"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1,35,99],"explores":[2],"the":[3,34,43,101,120],"use":[4],"of":[5,122],"Large":[6],"Language":[7],"Models":[8],"(LLMs)":[9],"in":[10,75,133],"extracting":[11],"and":[12,31,64,78,112,131],"structuring":[13],"allergic":[14],"reaction":[15],"data":[16],"from":[17,42],"non-English":[18],"clinical":[19,136],"free":[20],"texts.":[21],"Leveraging":[22],"open-source":[23],"models":[24],"such":[25],"as":[26],"Llama":[27],"3.1,":[28],"Qwen":[29],"2.5,":[30],"Mistral":[32],"NeMo,":[33],"utilizes":[36],"500":[37],"anonymized":[38],"German":[39],"discharge":[40],"letters":[41],"University":[44],"Hospital":[45],"Schleswig-Holstein":[46],"to":[47,60,85],"test":[48],"an":[49],"end-to-end":[50],"workflow.":[51],"The":[52,98],"presented":[53],"approach":[54],"extracts":[55],"allergy":[56],"information,":[57],"maps":[58],"it":[59,66],"SNOMED":[61],"CT":[62],"codes,":[63],"formats":[65],"into":[67],"HL7":[68],"FHIR-compliant":[69],"resources.":[70],"Results":[71],"demonstrate":[72],"high":[73],"accuracy":[74],"substance":[76],"detection":[77],"encoding,":[79],"although":[80],"encoding":[81],"errors":[82],"occur":[83],"due":[84],"complex":[86,135],"string-matching":[87],"problems.":[88],"Reaction":[89],"identification":[90],"proves":[91],"challenging,":[92],"with":[93],"mixed":[94],"performance":[95],"across":[96],"models.":[97],"highlights":[100],"potential":[102],"for":[103,124],"further":[104],"improvements":[105],"through":[106],"model":[107],"training":[108],"on":[109],"specific":[110],"terminologies":[111],"enhanced":[113],"prompt":[114],"engineering.":[115],"Overall,":[116],"this":[117],"proof-of-concept":[118],"shows":[119],"promise":[121],"LLMs":[123],"varied,":[125],"domain-specific":[126],"healthcare":[127],"tasks,":[128],"enabling":[129],"automation":[130],"scalability":[132],"handling":[134],"data.":[137]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}