{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413051109","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/shti250997","title":"Comparing Deterministic and Stochastic Reinforcement Learning for Glucose Regulation in Type 1 Diabetes","display_name":"Comparing Deterministic and Stochastic Reinforcement Learning for Glucose Regulation in Type 1 Diabetes","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413051109","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/shti250997","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40776015"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/shti250997","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/shti250997","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210179765","display_name":"Studies in health technology and informatics","issn_l":"0926-9630","issn":["0926-9630","1879-8365"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Studies in Health Technology and Informatics","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/shti250997","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"David Timms","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6683-5914"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118347636","display_name":"Australian National University","ror":"https://ror.org/019wvm592","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Timms","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Australian National University, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6683-5914","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Australian National University, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019936781","display_name":"Chirath Hettiarachchi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7702-0718"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118347636","display_name":"Australian National University","ror":"https://ror.org/019wvm592","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chirath Hettiarachchi","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Australian National University, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7702-0718","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Australian National University, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059778915","display_name":"Hanna Suominen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4195-1641"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118347636","display_name":"Australian National University","ror":"https://ror.org/019wvm592","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155660961","display_name":"University of Turku","ror":"https://ror.org/05vghhr25","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155660961"]}],"countries":["AU","FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanna Suominen","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Australian National University, Australia","University of Turku, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4195-1641","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Australian National University, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Turku, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155660961"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.0598,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96338535,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"329","issue":null,"first_page":"1039","last_page":"1043"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10560","display_name":"Diabetes Management and Research","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10560","display_name":"Diabetes Management and Research","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.8753015995025635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.749970555305481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-pancreas","display_name":"Artificial pancreas","score":0.7245717644691467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/in-silico","display_name":"In silico","score":0.6118506789207458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5632076263427734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5285317301750183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blood-sugar-regulation","display_name":"Blood sugar regulation","score":0.5172817707061768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.48172882199287415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type-1-diabetes","display_name":"Type 1 diabetes","score":0.3870019018650055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetes-mellitus","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","score":0.32040897011756897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.21703332662582397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.16435763239860535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/endocrinology","display_name":"Endocrinology","score":0.08104357123374939}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.8753015995025635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.749970555305481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780353609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1569064","display_name":"Artificial pancreas","level":4,"score":0.7245717644691467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775905019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192572","display_name":"In silico","level":3,"score":0.6118506789207458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5632076263427734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5285317301750183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76923068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3455903","display_name":"Blood sugar regulation","level":3,"score":0.5172817707061768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.48172882199287415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781232474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124407","display_name":"Type 1 diabetes","level":3,"score":0.3870019018650055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.32040897011756897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.21703332662582397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.16435763239860535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.08104357123374939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001786","descriptor_name":"Blood Glucose","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001786","descriptor_name":"Blood Glucose","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003922","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003922","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003922","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003922","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007328","descriptor_name":"Insulin","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007328","descriptor_name":"Insulin","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012054","descriptor_name":"Reinforcement, Psychology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012054","descriptor_name":"Reinforcement, Psychology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013269","descriptor_name":"Stochastic Processes","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013269","descriptor_name":"Stochastic Processes","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019397","descriptor_name":"Pancreas, Artificial","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019397","descriptor_name":"Pancreas, Artificial","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3233/shti250997","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/shti250997","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210179765","display_name":"Studies in health technology and informatics","issn_l":"0926-9630","issn":["0926-9630","1879-8365"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Studies in Health Technology and Informatics","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"pmid:40776015","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40776015","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Studies in health technology and informatics","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au:1885/733806810","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1885/733806810","pdf_url":"https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstreams/19d78f57-6425-4b42-8a5c-7c44de7746b9/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402539","display_name":"ANU Open Research (Australian National University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I118347636","host_organization_name":"Australian National University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118347636"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference paper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.utupub.fi:10024/196748","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.utupub.fi/handle/10024/196748","pdf_url":"https://www.utupub.fi/bitstream/10024/196748/1/SHTI-329-SHTI250997.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402470","display_name":"UTUPub (University of Turku)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I155660961","host_organization_name":"University of Turku","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155660961"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/shti250997","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/shti250997","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210179765","display_name":"Studies in health technology and informatics","issn_l":"0926-9630","issn":["0926-9630","1879-8365"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Studies in Health Technology and Informatics","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5608785872","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MRFF 2022","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315885","funder_display_name":"Australian Government"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320312169","display_name":"National Computational Infrastructure","ror":"https://ror.org/04yx6dh41"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315885","display_name":"Australian Government","ror":"https://ror.org/0314h5y94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4309021794","https://openalex.org/W2265027927","https://openalex.org/W2117748324","https://openalex.org/W1991978558","https://openalex.org/W2538031581","https://openalex.org/W2616561702","https://openalex.org/W1973063189","https://openalex.org/W2012125179","https://openalex.org/W2971054646","https://openalex.org/W2027108309"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Type":[0],"1":[1],"Diabetes":[2],"(T1D)":[3],"is":[4],"a":[5,38],"chronic":[6],"condition":[7],"affecting":[8],"millions":[9],"worldwide,":[10],"requiring":[11],"external":[12],"insulin":[13],"administration":[14],"to":[15,61,66,80,148],"regulate":[16],"blood":[17,71],"glucose":[18,72,94],"levels":[19],"and":[20,45,64,103,117,124,127,134,161,178],"prevent":[21],"serious":[22],"complications.":[23],"Artificial":[24],"Pancreas":[25],"Systems":[26],"(APS)":[27],"for":[28,93,175],"managing":[29],"T1D":[30,44],"currently":[31],"rely":[32],"on":[33,41],"manual":[34],"input,":[35],"which":[36],"adds":[37],"cognitive":[39],"burden":[40,52],"people":[42],"with":[43],"their":[46,159],"carers.":[47],"Research":[48],"into":[49],"alleviating":[50],"this":[51],"through":[53],"Reinforcement":[54],"Learning":[55],"(RL)":[56],"explores":[57],"enabling":[58],"the":[59,67,88,125,131,142,166],"APS":[60,173],"autonomously":[62],"learn":[63],"adapt":[65],"complex":[68],"dynamics":[69],"of":[70,91,130,144,168],"regulation,":[73,95],"demonstrating":[74],"improvements":[75],"in":[76,172,181],"in-silico":[77,114],"evaluations":[78],"compared":[79,87],"traditional":[81],"clinical":[82,122],"approaches.":[83],"This":[84,163],"evaluation":[85],"study":[86],"primary":[89],"polarities":[90],"RL":[92,170],"namely,":[96],"stochastic":[97],"(e.g.,":[98,105],"Proximal":[99],"Policy":[100,110],"Optimization":[101],"(PPO)":[102],"deterministic":[104],"Twin":[106],"Delayed":[107],"Deep":[108],"Deterministic":[109],"Gradient":[111],"(TD3)":[112],"algorithms":[113,171],"using":[115],"quantitative":[116],"qualitative":[118],"methods,":[119],"patient":[120],"specific":[121],"metrics,":[123],"adult":[126],"adolescent":[128],"cohorts":[129],"U.S.":[132],"Food":[133],"Drug":[135],"Administration":[136],"approved":[137],"UVA/PADOVA":[138],"2008":[139],"model.":[140],"Although":[141],"behavior":[143],"TD3":[145],"was":[146],"easier":[147],"interpret,":[149],"it":[150],"did":[151],"not":[152],"typically":[153],"outperform":[154],"PPO,":[155],"thereby":[156],"challenging":[157],"assessing":[158],"safety":[160],"suitability.":[162],"conclusion":[164],"highlights":[165],"importance":[167],"improving":[169],"applications":[174],"both":[176],"interpretability":[177],"predictive":[179],"performance":[180],"future":[182],"research.":[183]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-25T07:29:55.448023","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
