{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410448040","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/shti250330","title":"Formative Usability Testing of Artificial Intelligence in Pathology: The Challenge of Assessing Acceptability","display_name":"Formative Usability Testing of Artificial Intelligence in Pathology: The Challenge of Assessing Acceptability","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410448040","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/shti250330","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40380441"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/shti250330","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/shti250330","pdf_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/SHTI250330","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210179765","display_name":"Studies in health technology and informatics","issn_l":"0926-9630","issn":["0926-9630","1879-8365"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Studies in Health Technology and Informatics","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/SHTI250330","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075396066","display_name":"Natasha Alvarado","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9422-4483"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139894009","display_name":"University of Bradford","ror":"https://ror.org/00vs8d940","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139894009"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Natasha Alvarado","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Digital Innovation in Health and Social Care, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK","Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, Bradford, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9422-4483","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Digital Innovation in Health and Social Care, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139894009"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, Bradford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139894009"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017891661","display_name":"Derek Magee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2170-3103"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Derek Magee","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Leeds, Leeds, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Leeds, Leeds, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001235418","display_name":"Darren Treanor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4579-484X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102134673","display_name":"Link\u00f6ping University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ynxx418","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799390153","display_name":"Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/00v4dac24","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799390153"]}],"countries":["GB","SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Darren Treanor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leeds Teaching Hospital NHS Trust, Leeds, UK","Link\u00f6ping University, Link\u00f6ping, Sweden","University of Leeds, Leeds, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leeds Teaching Hospital NHS Trust, Leeds, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799390153"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Link\u00f6ping University, Link\u00f6ping, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Leeds, Leeds, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009084769","display_name":"Peter Ellery","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8508-0294"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799390153","display_name":"Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/00v4dac24","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799390153"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Ellery","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leeds Teaching Hospital NHS Trust, Leeds, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leeds Teaching Hospital NHS Trust, Leeds, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799390153"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117573357","display_name":"Helen Millot","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139894009","display_name":"University of Bradford","ror":"https://ror.org/00vs8d940","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139894009"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Helen Millot","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Health Studies, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Health Studies, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139894009"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048305243","display_name":"Rebecca Randell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5856-4912"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139894009","display_name":"University of Bradford","ror":"https://ror.org/00vs8d940","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139894009"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rebecca Randell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Digital Innovation in Health and Social Care, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK","Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, Bradford, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Digital Innovation in Health and Social Care, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139894009"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, Bradford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139894009"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.14027397,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"327","issue":null,"first_page":"288","last_page":"292"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.98580002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.98580002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability","display_name":"Usability","score":0.8110213279724121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formative-assessment","display_name":"Formative assessment","score":0.7917913198471069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5968510508537292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.40455523133277893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.29868149757385254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.2324848473072052}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.8110213279724121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42525527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1209955","display_name":"Formative assessment","level":2,"score":0.7917913198471069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5968510508537292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.40455523133277893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.29868149757385254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2324848473072052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006113","descriptor_name":"United Kingdom","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006113","descriptor_name":"United Kingdom","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012878","descriptor_name":"Skin Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012878","descriptor_name":"Skin Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014584","descriptor_name":"User-Computer Interface","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014584","descriptor_name":"User-Computer Interface","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3233/shti250330","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/shti250330","pdf_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/SHTI250330","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210179765","display_name":"Studies in health technology and informatics","issn_l":"0926-9630","issn":["0926-9630","1879-8365"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Studies in Health Technology and Informatics","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"pmid:40380441","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40380441","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Studies in health technology and informatics","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:233959","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2170-3103>,","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400854","display_name":"White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800616092","host_organization_name":"White Rose University Consortium","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800616092"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/shti250330","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/shti250330","pdf_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/SHTI250330","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210179765","display_name":"Studies in health technology and informatics","issn_l":"0926-9630","issn":["0926-9630","1879-8365"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Studies in Health Technology and Informatics","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410448040.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410448040.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4392721137","https://openalex.org/W609482051","https://openalex.org/W3199325201","https://openalex.org/W2792035366","https://openalex.org/W4386050096","https://openalex.org/W2360976019","https://openalex.org/W2906881146"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Digital":[0],"Pathology":[1],"has":[2],"provided":[3],"a":[4,35,41,71,89,93,105],"platform":[5],"to":[6,11,54,118,137,163,175],"use":[7,67],"Artificial":[8],"Intelligence":[9],"(AI)":[10],"assist":[12],"pathologists":[13,79],"with":[14,34,43],"diagnosis":[15],"and":[16,28,39,58,68,86,134,153,166],"reporting.":[17],"An":[18],"AI":[19,50,76,123,147],"tool":[20,116,132,173],"is":[21,53],"being":[22],"developed":[23],"that":[24,113],"analyzes":[25],"digital":[26],"Hematoxylin":[27],"Eosin":[29],"(stained":[30],"tissue)":[31],"images":[32],"associated":[33],"skin":[36],"cancer":[37],"case":[38],"pre-populates":[40],"report":[42,95,127],"required":[44],"parameters.":[45],"The":[46,108],"aim":[47],"of":[48,66,70,74,121,131,146],"this":[49],"pathology":[51,94],"assistant":[52],"save":[55],"pathologist":[56],"time":[57],"increase":[59,164],"reporting":[60,139],"efficiency.":[61],"This":[62,141],"study":[63],"assessed":[64],"ease":[65,120],"acceptability":[69,133],"first":[72],"iteration":[73],"the":[75,97,138,144],"tool.":[77],"Twelve":[78],"were":[80],"recruited":[81],"across":[82],"seven":[83],"UK":[84],"hospitals":[85],"participated":[87,103],"in":[88,104,172,178],"think-aloud":[90,109],"evaluation,":[91],"completing":[92],"using":[96],"novel":[98],"tool,":[99],"after":[100],"which":[101],"they":[102],"brief":[106],"interview.":[107],"identified":[110],"several":[111],"issues":[112],"can":[114,157],"inform":[115],"development":[117],"improve":[119],"use.":[122],"performance":[124,174],"(inaccuracy":[125],"populating":[126],"items)":[128],"constrained":[129],"assessment":[130],"added":[135],"tasks":[136],"process.":[140],"finding":[142],"emphasizes":[143],"importance":[145],"accuracy":[148],"(1)":[149],"for":[150,168],"assessing":[151],"if":[152],"how":[154],"such":[155],"tools":[156],"be":[158],"integrated":[159],"into":[160],"clinician's":[161],"workflow":[162],"efficiency,":[165],"(2)":[167],"cultivating":[169],"clinician":[170],"trust":[171],"support":[176],"adoption":[177],"practice.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}