{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404642803","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/shti241091","title":"Securing a Generative AI-Powered Healthcare Chatbot","display_name":"Securing a Generative AI-Powered Healthcare Chatbot","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-11-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404642803","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/shti241091","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39575807"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/shti241091","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/shti241091","pdf_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/SHTI241091","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210179765","display_name":"Studies in health technology and informatics","issn_l":"0926-9630","issn":["0926-9630","1879-8365"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Studies in Health Technology and Informatics","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/SHTI241091","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003484641","display_name":"Georgios Feretzakis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3597-1187"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I231025917","display_name":"Hellenic Open University","ror":"https://ror.org/02kq26x23","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I231025917"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Georgios Feretzakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Science and Technology, Hellenic Open University, Patras, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3597-1187","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science and Technology, Hellenic Open University, Patras, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I231025917"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010771476","display_name":"\u0391\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u0391\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03bf\u03c5","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6679-3590"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174458059","display_name":"National Technical University of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/03cx6bg69","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174458059"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Athanasios Anastasiou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6679-3590","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174458059"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033143489","display_name":"Stavros Pitoglou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5309-4683"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stavros Pitoglou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Solutions SA, Athens, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5309-4683","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Solutions SA, Athens, Greece","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036319147","display_name":"Evgenia Paxinou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9910-8569"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I231025917","display_name":"Hellenic Open University","ror":"https://ror.org/02kq26x23","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I231025917"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Evgenia Paxinou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Science and Technology, Hellenic Open University, Patras, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9910-8569","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science and Technology, Hellenic Open University, Patras, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I231025917"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081141966","display_name":"Aris Gkoulalas-Divanis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0011-6591"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113543","display_name":"Vhi Healthcare","ror":"https://ror.org/01xa8e295","country_code":"IE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113543"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aris Gkoulalas-Divanis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Merative, Healthcare, Dublin Docklands, Dublin 2, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0011-6591","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Merative, Healthcare, Dublin Docklands, Dublin 2, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113543"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093313000","display_name":"Konstantinos Kalodanis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2456-9261"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32762134","display_name":"Harokopio University of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/02k5gp281","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32762134"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Konstantinos Kalodanis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harokopio University of Athens, Kallithea, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2456-9261","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harokopio University of Athens, Kallithea, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32762134"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090754141","display_name":"Ioannis Tsapelas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0712-6226"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174458059","display_name":"National Technical University of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/03cx6bg69","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174458059"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ioannis Tsapelas","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0712-6226","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174458059"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068179203","display_name":"Dimitris Kalles","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0364-5966"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I231025917","display_name":"Hellenic Open University","ror":"https://ror.org/02kq26x23","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I231025917"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dimitris Kalles","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Science and Technology, Hellenic Open University, Patras, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0364-5966","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science and Technology, Hellenic Open University, Patras, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I231025917"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085113815","display_name":"Vassilios S. Verykios","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9758-0819"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I231025917","display_name":"Hellenic Open University","ror":"https://ror.org/02kq26x23","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I231025917"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vassilios S. Verykios","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Science and Technology, Hellenic Open University, Patras, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9758-0819","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science and Technology, Hellenic Open University, Patras, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I231025917"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.542,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86320109,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"321","issue":null,"first_page":"195","last_page":"199"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.991599977016449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.991599977016449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11519","display_name":"Digital Mental Health Interventions","score":0.9848999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9323999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chatbot","display_name":"Chatbot","score":0.8249577283859253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care","display_name":"Health care","score":0.5732993483543396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.5408286452293396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5251736044883728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.523007333278656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patient-privacy","display_name":"Patient privacy","score":0.4376911222934723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.40549588203430176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.34502166509628296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3119158446788788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.08457714319229126}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779041454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870780","display_name":"Chatbot","level":2,"score":0.8249577283859253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.5732993483543396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.5408286452293396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5251736044883728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.523007333278656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910417920","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116434","display_name":"Patient privacy","level":3,"score":0.4376911222934723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.40549588203430176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.34502166509628296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3119158446788788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.08457714319229126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003219","descriptor_name":"Confidentiality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003219","descriptor_name":"Confidentiality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003219","descriptor_name":"Confidentiality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003219","descriptor_name":"Confidentiality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016494","descriptor_name":"Computer Security","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016494","descriptor_name":"Computer Security","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016494","descriptor_name":"Computer Security","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016494","descriptor_name":"Computer Security","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3233/shti241091","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/shti241091","pdf_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/SHTI241091","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210179765","display_name":"Studies in health technology and informatics","issn_l":"0926-9630","issn":["0926-9630","1879-8365"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Studies in Health Technology and Informatics","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"pmid:39575807","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39575807","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Studies in health technology and informatics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/shti241091","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/shti241091","pdf_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/SHTI241091","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210179765","display_name":"Studies in health technology and informatics","issn_l":"0926-9630","issn":["0926-9630","1879-8365"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Studies in Health Technology and Informatics","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4404642803.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4383501580","https://openalex.org/W4214931137","https://openalex.org/W2296049719","https://openalex.org/W2528109871","https://openalex.org/W3107171862","https://openalex.org/W3097337219","https://openalex.org/W2544669137","https://openalex.org/W2619506716","https://openalex.org/W2223531882","https://openalex.org/W2129557935"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"Generative":[1],"Artificial":[2],"Intelligence":[3],"(AI),":[4],"Large":[5],"Language":[6],"Models":[7],"(LLMs)":[8],"like":[9],"GPT-4,":[10],"Gemini,":[11],"Claude,":[12],"and":[13,25,33,40,48,57,76,85],"Llama,":[14],"significantly":[15],"impact":[16],"healthcare":[17,70],"by":[18],"aiding":[19],"in":[20],"patient":[21,38],"care,":[22],"medical":[23],"research,":[24],"administrative":[26],"tasks.":[27],"AI-powered":[28],"chatbots":[29],"offer":[30],"real-time":[31],"responses":[32],"manage":[34],"chronic":[35],"diseases,":[36],"improving":[37],"outcomes":[39],"operational":[41],"efficiency.":[42],"However,":[43],"these":[44],"models":[45],"pose":[46],"security":[47,78],"ethical":[49,58,65],"challenges,":[50],"necessitating":[51],"robust":[52],"data":[53,82],"privacy,":[54,83],"adversarial":[55],"training,":[56],"guidelines.":[59],"This":[60],"paper":[61],"proposes":[62],"a":[63],"secure,":[64],"pipeline":[66],"for":[67],"deploying":[68],"AI":[69],"chatbots,":[71],"integrating":[72],"advanced":[73],"privacy-preserving":[74],"techniques":[75],"continuous":[77],"assessments":[79],"to":[80],"enhance":[81],"resilience,":[84],"user":[86],"trust.":[87]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2024-11-23T00:00:00"}
