{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387866423","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/shti230735","title":"Inferring Causality Is Preference-Sensitive: We Need a Book of Who as Well as Why","display_name":"Inferring Causality Is Preference-Sensitive: We Need a Book of Who as Well as Why","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387866423","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/shti230735","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37869802"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/shti230735","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/shti230735","pdf_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/SHTI230735","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210179765","display_name":"Studies in health technology and informatics","issn_l":"0926-9630","issn":["0926-9630","1879-8365"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Studies in Health Technology and Informatics","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/SHTI230735","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068172233","display_name":"Vije Kumar Rajput","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8407-897X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089966","display_name":"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00a0jsq62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Vije Kumar Rajput","raw_affiliation_strings":["London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine","Stonydelph Health Centre, Tamworth, UK","LSHTM, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, UK, WC1H 9SH,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8407-897X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stonydelph Health Centre, Tamworth, UK","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"LSHTM, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London, UK, WC1H 9SH,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089778570","display_name":"Mette Kjer Kaltoft","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7056-8297"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177969490","display_name":"University of Southern Denmark","ror":"https://ror.org/03yrrjy16","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177969490"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mette Kjer Kaltoft","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southern Denmark"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7056-8297","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177969490"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056190743","display_name":"Jack Dowie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4572-9562"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177969490","display_name":"University of Southern Denmark","ror":"https://ror.org/03yrrjy16","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177969490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089966","display_name":"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00a0jsq62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]}],"countries":["DK","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jack Dowie","raw_affiliation_strings":["London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine","University of Southern Denmark"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4572-9562","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southern Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177969490"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068172233"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089966"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5202,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69688039,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"309","issue":null,"first_page":"38","last_page":"42"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11303","display_name":"Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11303","display_name":"Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10845","display_name":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","score":0.9786999821662903,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10778","display_name":"Philosophy and History of Science","score":0.9413999915122986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/directed-acyclic-graph","display_name":"Directed acyclic graph","score":0.8533613085746765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causation","display_name":"Causation","score":0.6590675115585327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causality","display_name":"Causality (physics)","score":0.6377466917037964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6250975131988525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pearl","display_name":"Pearl","score":0.5280003547668457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-inference","display_name":"Causal inference","score":0.5274560451507568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5267567038536072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/observational-study","display_name":"Observational study","score":0.4964526295661926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-structure","display_name":"Causal structure","score":0.49401360750198364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.43858206272125244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.42209306359291077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-set","display_name":"Data set","score":0.41671088337898254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research","display_name":"Operations research","score":0.33834248781204224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/econometrics","display_name":"Econometrics","score":0.2852759063243866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.2634989023208618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2444412112236023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.19797450304031372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history","display_name":"History","score":0.14720991253852844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.1130826473236084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10872378945350647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.09805822372436523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.082003653049469}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74197172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1195339","display_name":"Directed acyclic graph","level":2,"score":0.8533613085746765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166151441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4923601","display_name":"Causation","level":2,"score":0.6590675115585327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64357122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1149766","display_name":"Causality (physics)","level":2,"score":0.6377466917037964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6250975131988525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779251273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43436","display_name":"Pearl","level":2,"score":0.5280003547668457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158600405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054566","display_name":"Causal inference","level":2,"score":0.5274560451507568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5267567038536072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23131810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q818574","display_name":"Observational study","level":2,"score":0.4964526295661926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163504300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2364925","display_name":"Causal structure","level":2,"score":0.49401360750198364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.43858206272125244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.42209306359291077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58489278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172284","display_name":"Data set","level":2,"score":0.41671088337898254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.33834248781204224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.2852759063243866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.2634989023208618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2444412112236023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.19797450304031372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.14720991253852844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.1130826473236084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10872378945350647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.09805822372436523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.082003653049469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D011336","descriptor_name":"Probability","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011336","descriptor_name":"Probability","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011336","descriptor_name":"Probability","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015984","descriptor_name":"Causality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015984","descriptor_name":"Causality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015984","descriptor_name":"Causality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3233/shti230735","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/shti230735","pdf_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/SHTI230735","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210179765","display_name":"Studies in health technology and informatics","issn_l":"0926-9630","issn":["0926-9630","1879-8365"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Studies in Health Technology and Informatics","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"pmid:37869802","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37869802","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Studies in health technology and informatics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:sdu.dk:openaire/6e921177-1731-43bf-b533-f9e7b4dd514c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://portal.findresearcher.sdu.dk/da/publications/6e921177-1731-43bf-b533-f9e7b4dd514c","pdf_url":"https://findresearcher.sdu.dk/ws/files/244960852/SHTI_309_SHTI230735.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400423","display_name":"University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I177969490","host_organization_name":"University of Southern Denmark","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177969490"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Rajput, V K, Kaltoft, M K & Dowie, J 2023, Inferring Causality Is Preference-Sensitive : We Need a Book of Who as Well as Why. in M Giacomini, L Stoicu-Tivadar, G Balestra, A Benis, S Bonacina, A Bottrighi, T M Deserno, P Gallos, L Lhotska, S Marceglia, A C Pazos Sierra, S Rosati & L Sacch (eds), Telehealth Ecosystems in Practice. vol. 309, IOS Press, Studies in health technology and informatics, vol. 309, pp. 38-42. https://doi.org/10.3233/SHTI230735","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:sdu.dk:openaire_cris_publications/6e921177-1731-43bf-b533-f9e7b4dd514c","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://portal.findresearcher.sdu.dk/files/244960852/SHTI_309_SHTI230735.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400423","display_name":"University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I177969490","host_organization_name":"University of Southern Denmark","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177969490"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Rajput, V K, Kaltoft, M K & Dowie, J 2023, Inferring Causality Is Preference-Sensitive : We Need a Book of Who as Well as Why. in M Giacomini, L Stoicu-Tivadar, G Balestra, A Benis, S Bonacina, A Bottrighi, T M Deserno, P Gallos, L Lhotska, S Marceglia, A C Pazos Sierra, S Rosati & L Sacch (eds), Telehealth Ecosystems in Practice. vol. 309, IOS Press, Studies in health technology and informatics, vol. 309, pp. 38-42. https://doi.org/10.3233/SHTI230735","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/shti230735","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/shti230735","pdf_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/SHTI230735","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210179765","display_name":"Studies in health technology and informatics","issn_l":"0926-9630","issn":["0926-9630","1879-8365"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Studies in Health Technology and Informatics","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.7099999785423279,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387866423.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1662711610","https://openalex.org/W2097829006","https://openalex.org/W2122413656","https://openalex.org/W2962681511","https://openalex.org/W3153434542","https://openalex.org/W4224219154","https://openalex.org/W4281384472","https://openalex.org/W4285504770","https://openalex.org/W4290700173","https://openalex.org/W4308179001"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4220807758","https://openalex.org/W4253624503","https://openalex.org/W4255808401","https://openalex.org/W4386620154","https://openalex.org/W4389961576","https://openalex.org/W2161504683","https://openalex.org/W4387171275","https://openalex.org/W1767411471","https://openalex.org/W2138361718","https://openalex.org/W4378718308"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"multiple":[1],"publications":[2],"over":[3],"3":[4],"decades,":[5],"most":[6],"recently":[7],"in":[8,137],"The":[9,54],"Book":[10],"of":[11,40,60,83,89,104,112],"Why,":[12],"Judea":[13],"Pearl":[14],"has":[15,114],"led":[16],"what":[17],"he":[18],"regards":[19],"as":[20],"the":[21,42,57,102,105,124,128,133],"'causal":[22],"revolution'.":[23],"His":[24],"central":[25],"contention":[26],"is":[27,75],"that,":[28],"prior":[29],"to":[30,119,127,131,145],"it,":[31],"no":[32],"discipline":[33],"had":[34,66],"produced":[35],"a":[36,80,87,110],"rigorous":[37],"'scientific'":[38],"way":[39],"making":[41],"causal":[43,90],"inferences":[44],"from":[45],"observational":[46],"data":[47],"necessary":[48,130],"for":[49],"policy":[50,149],"and":[51,97],"decision":[52,147],"making.":[53,150],"concentration":[55],"on":[56,79,86],"statistical":[58,73],"processing":[59,74],"data,":[61,84,94],"outputting":[62],"frequencies":[63],"or":[64,148],"probabilities,":[65],"proceeded":[67],"without":[68],"adequately":[69],"acknowledging":[70],"that":[71,93,101],"this":[72,116,138],"operating,":[76],"not":[77],"only":[78],"particular":[81],"set":[82,88],"but":[85],"assumptions":[91],"about":[92],"often":[95],"unarticulated":[96],"unanalysed.":[98],"He":[99],"argues":[100],"arrival":[103],"directed":[106],"acyclic":[107],"graph":[108],"(DAG),":[109],"'language":[111],"causation'":[113],"enabled":[115],"fundamental":[117],"weakness":[118],"be":[120],"remedied.":[121],"We":[122],"outline":[123],"DAG":[125],"approach":[126],"extent":[129],"make":[132],"key":[134],"point,":[135],"captured":[136],"paper's":[139],"title":[140],"regarding":[141],"DAG's":[142],"potential":[143],"contribution":[144],"improved":[146]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
