{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4382631319","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/shti230489","title":"The Efficacy of Long-Term Hydroxychloroquine Use in the Prevention of COVID-19: A Retrospective Cohort Study","display_name":"The Efficacy of Long-Term Hydroxychloroquine Use in the Prevention of COVID-19: A Retrospective Cohort Study","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4382631319","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/shti230489","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37387023"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/shti230489","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/shti230489","pdf_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/SHTI230489","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210179765","display_name":"Studies in health technology and informatics","issn_l":"0926-9630","issn":["0926-9630","1879-8365"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Studies in Health Technology and Informatics","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/SHTI230489","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086304704","display_name":"Joseph Finkelstein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8084-7441"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Joseph Finkelstein","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024625179","display_name":"Xingyue Huo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5135-0292"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xingyue Huo","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5135-0292","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5086304704"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6432,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82559199,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"305","issue":null,"first_page":"303","last_page":"306"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10041","display_name":"COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10041","display_name":"COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13467","display_name":"Drug-Induced Ocular Toxicity","score":0.9866999983787537,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11368","display_name":"Long-Term Effects of COVID-19","score":0.9858999848365784,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydroxychloroquine","display_name":"Hydroxychloroquine","score":0.9434400796890259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.870620608329773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/propensity-score-matching","display_name":"Propensity score matching","score":0.7926030158996582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retrospective-cohort-study","display_name":"Retrospective cohort study","score":0.701016902923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confounding","display_name":"Confounding","score":0.6766728758811951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.6137331128120422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logistic-regression","display_name":"Logistic regression","score":0.5877291560173035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.5385886430740356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rheumatoid-arthritis","display_name":"Rheumatoid arthritis","score":0.5218067169189453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incidence","display_name":"Incidence (geometry)","score":0.5104752779006958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cohort","display_name":"Cohort","score":0.4323023557662964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease","display_name":"Disease","score":0.11755707859992981}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779123688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q421094","display_name":"Hydroxychloroquine","level":5,"score":0.9434400796890259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.870620608329773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17923572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7250160","display_name":"Propensity score matching","level":2,"score":0.7926030158996582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167135981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2146302","display_name":"Retrospective cohort study","level":2,"score":0.701016902923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77350462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1125472","display_name":"Confounding","level":2,"score":0.6766728758811951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.6137331128120422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.5877291560173035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.5385886430740356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777575956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187255","display_name":"Rheumatoid arthritis","level":2,"score":0.5218067169189453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61511704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671857","display_name":"Incidence (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.5104752779006958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72563966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1303415","display_name":"Cohort","level":2,"score":0.4323023557662964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.11755707859992981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000086382","descriptor_name":"COVID-19","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086382","descriptor_name":"COVID-19","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086382","descriptor_name":"COVID-19","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086402","descriptor_name":"SARS-CoV-2","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086402","descriptor_name":"SARS-CoV-2","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086402","descriptor_name":"SARS-CoV-2","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000093485","descriptor_name":"COVID-19 Drug Treatment","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000093485","descriptor_name":"COVID-19 Drug Treatment","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000093485","descriptor_name":"COVID-19 Drug Treatment","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006886","descriptor_name":"Hydroxychloroquine","qualifier_ui":"Q000009","qualifier_name":"adverse effects","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006886","descriptor_name":"Hydroxychloroquine","qualifier_ui":"Q000009","qualifier_name":"adverse effects","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006886","descriptor_name":"Hydroxychloroquine","qualifier_ui":"Q000009","qualifier_name":"adverse effects","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012189","descriptor_name":"Retrospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012189","descriptor_name":"Retrospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012189","descriptor_name":"Retrospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057216","descriptor_name":"Propensity Score","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057216","descriptor_name":"Propensity Score","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057216","descriptor_name":"Propensity Score","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3233/shti230489","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/shti230489","pdf_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/SHTI230489","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210179765","display_name":"Studies in health technology and informatics","issn_l":"0926-9630","issn":["0926-9630","1879-8365"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Studies in Health Technology and Informatics","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"pmid:37387023","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37387023","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Studies in health technology and informatics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/shti230489","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/shti230489","pdf_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/SHTI230489","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210179765","display_name":"Studies in health technology and informatics","issn_l":"0926-9630","issn":["0926-9630","1879-8365"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Studies in Health Technology and Informatics","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.8299999833106995}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4382631319.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4382631319.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1959216194","https://openalex.org/W2165037395","https://openalex.org/W3012413501","https://openalex.org/W3016449286","https://openalex.org/W3023015294","https://openalex.org/W3023346879","https://openalex.org/W3032373213","https://openalex.org/W3040366309","https://openalex.org/W3045220852","https://openalex.org/W3091868035","https://openalex.org/W7074107597"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4381571638","https://openalex.org/W2075863146","https://openalex.org/W2010260295","https://openalex.org/W2127589782","https://openalex.org/W3030920657","https://openalex.org/W2320562573","https://openalex.org/W2396000345","https://openalex.org/W4232168831","https://openalex.org/W2891070741","https://openalex.org/W2108514281"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"use":[1,66,175,205],"of":[2,10,70,81,149,182],"hydroxychloroquine":[3],"(HCQ)":[4],"in":[5,115,141,184],"the":[6,16,61,68,78,84,135,147,151],"prevention":[7],"or":[8,103],"treatment":[9],"COVID-19":[11,29,89,183],"remains":[12],"controversial":[13],"due":[14],"to":[15,59,76,93,118,128],"insufficient":[17],"supporting":[18],"evidence":[19],"and":[20,67,133,137,164],"clinical":[21],"studies":[22],"indicating":[23],"that":[24,172,202],"it":[25],"does":[26],"not":[27,55],"reduce":[28],"mortality.":[30],"Its":[31],"potential":[32],"protective":[33,79],"effects":[34],"against":[35,209],"SARS-CoV-2":[36],"are":[37],"still":[38],"unclear.":[39],"Big":[40],"data":[41],"resources,":[42],"such":[43],"as":[44],"MarketScan":[45,85],"database":[46],"containing":[47],"over":[48,161,192],"30":[49],"million":[50],"insured":[51],"participants":[52],"annually,":[53],"have":[54],"been":[56,188],"used":[57,127],"systematically":[58],"assess":[60],"association":[62],"between":[63],"long-term":[64,173,203],"HCQ":[65,82,109,136,159,174,190,204],"risk":[69],"COVID-19.":[71,210],"This":[72],"retrospective":[73],"study":[74],"aimed":[75],"determine":[77],"effect":[80],"using":[83],"database.":[86],"We":[87],"examined":[88],"incidence":[90],"from":[91],"January":[92],"September":[94],"2020":[95],"among":[96],"adult":[97],"patients":[98,156,185],"with":[99,178],"systemic":[100],"lupus":[101],"erythematosus":[102],"rheumatoid":[104],"arthritis":[105],"who":[106,120,157,186],"had":[107,187],"received":[108,158],"for":[110,130,160,191],"at":[111,146],"least":[112],"10":[113,162,193],"months":[114,163,194],"2019":[116],"compared":[117],"those":[119],"did":[121],"not.":[122],"Propensity":[123],"score":[124],"matching":[125,145],"was":[126,176],"control":[129],"confounding":[131],"variables":[132],"make":[134],"non-HCQ":[138],"groups":[139],"comparable":[140],"this":[142],"study.":[143],"After":[144],"ratio":[148],"1:2,":[150],"analytical":[152],"dataset":[153],"comprised":[154],"13,932":[155],"27,754":[165],"HCQ-na\u00efve":[166],"patients.":[167],"Multivariate":[168],"logistic":[169],"regression":[170],"showed":[171],"associated":[177],"a":[179],"lower":[180],"likelihood":[181],"receiving":[189],"(OR=0.78,":[195],"95%":[196],"CI:":[197],"0.69-0.88).":[198],"These":[199],"findings":[200],"suggest":[201],"may":[206],"provide":[207],"protection":[208]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}