{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4377092400","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/shti230059","title":"The Necessity of Multiple Data Sources for ECG-Based Machine Learning Models","display_name":"The Necessity of Multiple Data Sources for ECG-Based Machine Learning Models","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4377092400","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/shti230059","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37203604"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/shti230059","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/shti230059","pdf_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/SHTI230059","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210179765","display_name":"Studies in health technology and informatics","issn_l":"0926-9630","issn":["0926-9630","1879-8365"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Studies in Health Technology and Informatics","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/SHTI230059","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073207479","display_name":"Lucas Plagwitz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7626-8853"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22465464","display_name":"University of M\u00fcnster","ror":"https://ror.org/00pd74e08","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22465464"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lucas Plagwitz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Medical Informatics, University of M\u00fcnster, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Medical Informatics, University of M\u00fcnster, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22465464"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091979899","display_name":"Tobias Vogelsang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22465464","display_name":"University of M\u00fcnster","ror":"https://ror.org/00pd74e08","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22465464"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tobias Vogelsang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Medical Informatics, University of M\u00fcnster, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Medical Informatics, University of M\u00fcnster, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22465464"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081791764","display_name":"Florian Doldi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5237-6283"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210103666","display_name":"University Hospital M\u00fcnster","ror":"https://ror.org/01856cw59","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210103666"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Florian Doldi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department for Cardiology II-Electrophysiology, University Hospital M\u00fcnster, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department for Cardiology II-Electrophysiology, University Hospital M\u00fcnster, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210103666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091979900","display_name":"Lucas Bickmann","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22465464","display_name":"University of M\u00fcnster","ror":"https://ror.org/00pd74e08","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22465464"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lucas Bickmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Medical Informatics, University of M\u00fcnster, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Medical Informatics, University of M\u00fcnster, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22465464"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016937929","display_name":"Michael Fujarski","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22465464","display_name":"University of M\u00fcnster","ror":"https://ror.org/00pd74e08","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22465464"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Fujarski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Medical Informatics, University of M\u00fcnster, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Medical Informatics, University of M\u00fcnster, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22465464"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007851719","display_name":"Lars Eckardt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3735-8503"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210103666","display_name":"University Hospital M\u00fcnster","ror":"https://ror.org/01856cw59","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210103666"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lars Eckardt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department for Cardiology II-Electrophysiology, University Hospital M\u00fcnster, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department for Cardiology II-Electrophysiology, University Hospital M\u00fcnster, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210103666"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033176798","display_name":"Julian Varghese","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7206-3719"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22465464","display_name":"University of M\u00fcnster","ror":"https://ror.org/00pd74e08","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22465464"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julian Varghese","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Medical Informatics, University of M\u00fcnster, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Medical Informatics, University of M\u00fcnster, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22465464"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5073207479"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22465464"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.5137,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97937163,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"302","issue":null,"first_page":"33","last_page":"37"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.7826160788536072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7482831478118896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interoperability","display_name":"Interoperability","score":0.7353360652923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7343746423721313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.6752649545669556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relevance","display_name":"Relevance (law)","score":0.6186591386795044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stability","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","score":0.6044055223464966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.46900153160095215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-sampling","display_name":"Data sampling","score":0.4672771692276001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sampling","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","score":0.42079830169677734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3816955089569092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.07304883003234863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.07055732607841492}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.7826160788536072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7482831478118896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20136886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749647","display_name":"Interoperability","level":2,"score":0.7353360652923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7343746423721313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.6752649545669556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.6186591386795044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.6044055223464966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.46900153160095215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985946229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49908","display_name":"Data sampling","level":2,"score":0.4672771692276001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.42079830169677734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3816955089569092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.07304883003234863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07055732607841492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000068598","descriptor_name":"Data Accuracy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000068598","descriptor_name":"Data Accuracy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000068598","descriptor_name":"Data Accuracy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000093983","descriptor_name":"Information Sources","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000093983","descriptor_name":"Information Sources","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000093983","descriptor_name":"Information Sources","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004562","descriptor_name":"Electrocardiography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004562","descriptor_name":"Electrocardiography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004562","descriptor_name":"Electrocardiography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3233/shti230059","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/shti230059","pdf_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/SHTI230059","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210179765","display_name":"Studies in health technology and informatics","issn_l":"0926-9630","issn":["0926-9630","1879-8365"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Studies in Health Technology and Informatics","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"pmid:37203604","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37203604","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Studies in health technology and informatics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:uni-augsburg.opus-bayern.de:116438","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:384-opus4-1164382","pdf_url":"https://opus.bibliothek.uni-augsburg.de/opus4/files/116438/116438.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400930","display_name":"OPUS (Augsburg University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I119916105","host_organization_name":"Augsburg University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119916105"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"doc-type:bookpart"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/shti230059","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/shti230059","pdf_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/SHTI230059","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210179765","display_name":"Studies in health technology and informatics","issn_l":"0926-9630","issn":["0926-9630","1879-8365"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Studies in Health Technology and Informatics","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4377092400.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4377092400.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1968354112","https://openalex.org/W2479403025","https://openalex.org/W2786672974","https://openalex.org/W2810380534","https://openalex.org/W3119282903","https://openalex.org/W3120627055","https://openalex.org/W4237896451","https://openalex.org/W4285495727","https://openalex.org/W6600872643"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2093262417","https://openalex.org/W2123131699","https://openalex.org/W913131694","https://openalex.org/W2368644753","https://openalex.org/W2367538773","https://openalex.org/W2075654366","https://openalex.org/W2096760809","https://openalex.org/W1999758163","https://openalex.org/W2092657059","https://openalex.org/W2064155031"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Even":[0],"though":[1],"the":[2,14,72,82,92,116],"interest":[3],"in":[4,12,46,54],"machine":[5,86,119],"learning":[6,87,120],"studies":[7],"is":[8,22,112],"growing":[9],"significantly,":[10],"especially":[11],"medicine,":[13],"imbalance":[15],"between":[16],"study":[17,78],"results":[18,121],"and":[19,34,43,65],"clinical":[20],"relevance":[21],"more":[23],"pronounced":[24],"than":[25],"ever.":[26],"The":[27,68],"reasons":[28],"for":[29],"this":[30,90,111],"include":[31],"data":[32],"quality":[33],"interoperability":[35],"issues.":[36],"Hence,":[37],"we":[38],"aimed":[39],"at":[40],"examining":[41],"site-":[42],"study-specific":[44],"differences":[45],"publicly":[47],"available":[48],"standard":[49],"electrocardiogram":[50],"(ECG)":[51],"datasets,":[52],"which":[53],"theory":[55],"should":[56],"be":[57],"interoperable":[58],"by":[59],"consistent":[60],"12-lead":[61],"definition,":[62],"sampling":[63],"rate,":[64],"measurement":[66],"duration.":[67],"focus":[69],"lies":[70],"upon":[71],"question":[73],"of":[74,84,94,118,122],"whether":[75],"even":[76],"slight":[77],"peculiarities":[79],"can":[80],"affect":[81],"stability":[83],"trained":[85],"models.":[88],"To":[89],"end,":[91],"performances":[93],"modern":[95],"network":[96],"architectures":[97],"as":[98,100],"well":[99],"unsupervised":[101],"pattern":[102],"detection":[103],"algorithms":[104],"are":[105],"investigated":[106],"across":[107],"different":[108],"datasets.":[109],"Overall,":[110],"intended":[113],"to":[114],"examine":[115],"generalization":[117],"single-site":[123],"ECG":[124],"studies.":[125]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-10T16:38:18.471706","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}