{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3200963996","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/shti210537","title":"Multi-Disease Detection in Retinal Imaging Based on Ensembling Heterogeneous Deep Learning Models","display_name":"Multi-Disease Detection in Retinal Imaging Based on Ensembling Heterogeneous Deep Learning Models","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3200963996","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/shti210537","mag":"3200963996","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34545816"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/shti210537","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/shti210537","pdf_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/SHTI210537","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210179765","display_name":"Studies in health technology and informatics","issn_l":"0926-9630","issn":["0926-9630","1879-8365"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Studies in Health Technology and Informatics","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/SHTI210537","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036358389","display_name":"Dominik M\u00fcller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0838-9885"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179225836","display_name":"University of Augsburg","ror":"https://ror.org/03p14d497","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179225836"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dominik M\u00fcller","raw_affiliation_strings":["IT-Infrastructure for Translational Medical Research, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IT-Infrastructure for Translational Medical Research, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179225836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045634598","display_name":"I\u00f1aki Soto\u2010Rey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3061-5818"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802007660","display_name":"University Hospital Augsburg","ror":"https://ror.org/03b0k9c14","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802007660"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179225836","display_name":"University of Augsburg","ror":"https://ror.org/03p14d497","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179225836"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"I\u00f1aki Soto-Rey","raw_affiliation_strings":["IT-Infrastructure for Translational Medical Research, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany","Medical Data Integration Center, Institute of Digital Medicine, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IT-Infrastructure for Translational Medical Research, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179225836"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Data Integration Center, Institute of Digital Medicine, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802007660"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010964383","display_name":"Frank Kr\u00e4mer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2857-7122"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179225836","display_name":"University of Augsburg","ror":"https://ror.org/03p14d497","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179225836"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frank Kramer","raw_affiliation_strings":["IT-Infrastructure for Translational Medical Research, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IT-Infrastructure for Translational Medical Research, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179225836"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5036358389"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179225836"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.4633,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98295727,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"283","issue":null,"first_page":"23","last_page":"31"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12874","display_name":"Digital Imaging for Blood Diseases","score":0.9850000143051147,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12599","display_name":"Retinal and Optic Conditions","score":0.9846000075340271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.771486759185791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.7197068929672241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.6901309490203857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6879443526268005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6666661500930786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6225693225860596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weighting","display_name":"Weighting","score":0.5675984025001526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-of-learning","display_name":"Transfer of learning","score":0.4854477047920227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-learning","display_name":"Ensemble learning","score":0.46238911151885986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.419921338558197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.23406144976615906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.1410674750804901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"Radiology","score":0.09286373853683472}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.771486759185791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.7197068929672241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.6901309490203857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6879443526268005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6666661500930786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6225693225860596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183115368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856577","display_name":"Weighting","level":2,"score":0.5675984025001526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.4854477047920227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.46238911151885986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.419921338558197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.23406144976615906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.1410674750804901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.09286373853683472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003952","descriptor_name":"Diagnostic Imaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003952","descriptor_name":"Diagnostic Imaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003952","descriptor_name":"Diagnostic Imaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012160","descriptor_name":"Retina","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012160","descriptor_name":"Retina","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012160","descriptor_name":"Retina","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3233/shti210537","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/shti210537","pdf_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/SHTI210537","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210179765","display_name":"Studies in health technology and informatics","issn_l":"0926-9630","issn":["0926-9630","1879-8365"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Studies in Health Technology and Informatics","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"pmid:34545816","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34545816","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Studies in health technology and informatics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:uni-augsburg.opus-bayern.de:90767","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://opus.bibliothek.uni-augsburg.de/opus4/frontdoor/index/index/docId/90767","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400930","display_name":"OPUS (Augsburg University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I119916105","host_organization_name":"Augsburg University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119916105"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"bookpart"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/shti210537","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/shti210537","pdf_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/SHTI210537","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210179765","display_name":"Studies in health technology and informatics","issn_l":"0926-9630","issn":["0926-9630","1879-8365"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Studies in Health Technology and Informatics","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.49000000953674316,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2032106304","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"01ZZ1804E","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8285651077","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FKZ01ZZ1804E","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","ror":"https://ror.org/04pz7b180"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3200963996.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3200963996.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W2005126631","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2592929672","https://openalex.org/W2767040741","https://openalex.org/W2777186991","https://openalex.org/W2884561390","https://openalex.org/W2897246201","https://openalex.org/W2946948417","https://openalex.org/W2955425717","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W3003770199","https://openalex.org/W3004612364","https://openalex.org/W3047926930","https://openalex.org/W3101294892","https://openalex.org/W3110220146","https://openalex.org/W3128220181","https://openalex.org/W4386526937","https://openalex.org/W6725739302"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2180954594","https://openalex.org/W2052835778","https://openalex.org/W2049003611","https://openalex.org/W2127804977","https://openalex.org/W2108418243","https://openalex.org/W164103134","https://openalex.org/W2787352659","https://openalex.org/W4206560911","https://openalex.org/W4385398839","https://openalex.org/W4384700341"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Preventable":[0],"or":[1],"undiagnosed":[2],"visual":[3],"impairment":[4],"and":[5,72,91,98,106,110],"blindness":[6],"affect":[7],"billion":[8],"of":[9,51,112],"people":[10],"worldwide.":[11],"Automated":[12],"multi-disease":[13,36],"detection":[14,37],"models":[15],"offer":[16],"great":[17],"potential":[18],"to":[19,46,104],"address":[20],"this":[21,30],"problem":[22],"via":[23,88],"clinical":[24],"decision":[25],"support":[26],"in":[27],"diagnosis.":[28],"In":[29],"work,":[31],"we":[32,77,101],"proposed":[33],"an":[34],"innovative":[35],"pipeline":[38,60],"for":[39,124],"retinal":[40,125],"imaging":[41],"which":[42],"utilizes":[43],"ensemble":[44,79],"learning":[45,80,85],"combine":[47],"the":[48,118],"predictive":[49],"capabilities":[50],"several":[52],"heterogeneous":[53,83],"deep":[54,84],"convolutional":[55],"neural":[56],"network":[57],"models.":[58,95],"Our":[59],"includes":[61],"state-of-the-art":[62,122],"strategies":[63],"like":[64,82],"transfer":[65],"learning,":[66],"class":[67],"weighting,":[68],"real-time":[69],"image":[70],"augmentation":[71],"Focal":[73],"loss":[74],"utilization.":[75],"Furthermore,":[76],"integrated":[78],"techniques":[81],"models,":[86],"bagging":[87],"5-fold":[89],"cross-validation":[90],"stacked":[92],"logistic":[93],"regression":[94],"Through":[96],"internal":[97],"external":[99],"evaluation,":[100],"were":[102],"able":[103],"validate":[105],"demonstrate":[107],"high":[108],"accuracy":[109],"reliability":[111],"our":[113],"pipeline,":[114],"as":[115,117],"well":[116],"comparability":[119],"with":[120],"other":[121],"pipelines":[123],"disease":[126],"prediction.":[127]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
