{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3164802810","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/shti210337","title":"Evaluating Medical Lexical Simplification: Rule-Based vs. BERT","display_name":"Evaluating Medical Lexical Simplification: Rule-Based vs. BERT","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3164802810","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/shti210337","mag":"3164802810","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34042832"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/shti210337","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/shti210337","pdf_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/SHTI210337","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210179765","display_name":"Studies in health technology and informatics","issn_l":"0926-9630","issn":["0926-9630","1879-8365"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Studies in Health Technology and Informatics","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/SHTI210337","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065687732","display_name":"Linh Tran","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I865915315","display_name":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/008xxew50","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linh Tran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands","Corresponding Author, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Corresponding Author, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040395252","display_name":"Erick Vel\u00e1zquez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3717-9724"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2905213637","display_name":"TomTom (Netherlands)","ror":"https://ror.org/04as6y835","country_code":"NL","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2905213637"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erick Velazquez","raw_affiliation_strings":["myTomorrows, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"myTomorrows, Amsterdam, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2905213637"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112645053","display_name":"Robert-Jan Sips","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2905213637","display_name":"TomTom (Netherlands)","ror":"https://ror.org/04as6y835","country_code":"NL","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2905213637"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert-Jan Sips","raw_affiliation_strings":["myTomorrows, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"myTomorrows, Amsterdam, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2905213637"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084395826","display_name":"Victor de Boer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9079-039X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I865915315","display_name":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/008xxew50","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Victor de Boer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0772,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77520135,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"281","issue":null,"first_page":"1023","last_page":"1024"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13629","display_name":"Text Readability and Simplification","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9886000156402588,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12881","display_name":"linguistics and terminology studies","score":0.9811000227928162,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grammaticality","display_name":"Grammaticality","score":0.8611236810684204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7264841794967651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/layperson","display_name":"Layperson","score":0.7097098231315613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6596803069114685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/text-simplification","display_name":"Text simplification","score":0.6320617198944092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5861828327178955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simplicity","display_name":"Simplicity","score":0.5794603824615479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meaning","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","score":0.5166645050048828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rule-based-system","display_name":"Rule-based system","score":0.501396656036377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vocabulary","display_name":"Vocabulary","score":0.4837675094604492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.4825419783592224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.23728308081626892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.15550929307937622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grammar","display_name":"Grammar","score":0.11761856079101562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentence","display_name":"Sentence","score":0.07690176367759705}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779525943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1187300","display_name":"Grammaticality","level":3,"score":0.8611236810684204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7264841794967651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67597806","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15407657","display_name":"Layperson","level":2,"score":0.7097098231315613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6596803069114685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59415355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3484781","display_name":"Text simplification","level":3,"score":0.6320617198944092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5861828327178955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776372474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q508291","display_name":"Simplicity","level":2,"score":0.5794603824615479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780876879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3054749","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","level":2,"score":0.5166645050048828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149271511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1417149","display_name":"Rule-based system","level":2,"score":0.501396656036377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6499736","display_name":"Vocabulary","level":2,"score":0.4837675094604492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.4825419783592224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.23728308081626892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.15550929307937622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26022165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8091","display_name":"Grammar","level":2,"score":0.11761856079101562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.07690176367759705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003142","descriptor_name":"Communication","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003142","descriptor_name":"Communication","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003142","descriptor_name":"Communication","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012107","descriptor_name":"Research Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012107","descriptor_name":"Research Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012107","descriptor_name":"Research Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014825","descriptor_name":"Vocabulary","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014825","descriptor_name":"Vocabulary","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014825","descriptor_name":"Vocabulary","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018875","descriptor_name":"Vocabulary, Controlled","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018875","descriptor_name":"Vocabulary, Controlled","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018875","descriptor_name":"Vocabulary, Controlled","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3233/shti210337","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/shti210337","pdf_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/SHTI210337","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210179765","display_name":"Studies in health technology and informatics","issn_l":"0926-9630","issn":["0926-9630","1879-8365"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Studies in Health Technology and Informatics","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"pmid:34042832","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34042832","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Studies in health technology and informatics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:research.vu.nl:openaire/2b25e8ea-9963-44f2-9803-f511007a0001","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/2b25e8ea-9963-44f2-9803-f511007a0001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401107","display_name":"VU Research Portal","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I865915315","host_organization_name":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Tran, L, Velazquez, E, Sips, R J & de Boer, V 2021, Evaluating Medical Lexical Simplification: Rule-Based vs. BERT. in J Mantas (ed.), Public Health and Informatics : Proceedings of MIE 2021. Studies in health technology and informatics, vol. 281, IOS Press, pp. 1023-1024. https://doi.org/10.3233/SHTI210337","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research.vu.nl:publications/2b25e8ea-9963-44f2-9803-f511007a0001","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85107238009&partnerID=8YFLogxK","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401107","display_name":"VU Research Portal","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I865915315","host_organization_name":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Tran, L, Velazquez, E, Sips, R J & de Boer, V 2021, Evaluating Medical Lexical Simplification: Rule-Based vs. BERT. in J Mantas (ed.), Public Health and Informatics : Proceedings of MIE 2021. Studies in health technology and informatics, vol. 281, IOS Press, pp. 1023-1024. https://doi.org/10.3233/SHTI210337","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/shti210337","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/shti210337","pdf_url":"https://ebooks.iospress.nl/pdf/doi/10.3233/SHTI210337","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210179765","display_name":"Studies in health technology and informatics","issn_l":"0926-9630","issn":["0926-9630","1879-8365"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Studies in Health Technology and Informatics","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.800000011920929}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3164802810.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3164802810.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2925863688","https://openalex.org/W2948909602","https://openalex.org/W2998173657","https://openalex.org/W3017231514","https://openalex.org/W3115729981","https://openalex.org/W3123249980"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3119572775","https://openalex.org/W1508112475","https://openalex.org/W2153982529","https://openalex.org/W1860244352","https://openalex.org/W2735895105","https://openalex.org/W2741816383","https://openalex.org/W3164802810","https://openalex.org/W1494498762","https://openalex.org/W4310995094","https://openalex.org/W4225319348"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Lexical":[0],"simplification":[1],"(LS)":[2],"can":[3],"decrease":[4],"the":[5,51,61],"communication":[6],"gap":[7],"between":[8],"medical":[9,15],"experts":[10],"and":[11,36,58],"laypeople":[12],"by":[13],"replacing":[14],"terms":[16],"with":[17],"layperson":[18],"counterparts.":[19],"In":[20],"this":[21],"paper,":[22],"we":[23],"present:":[24],"1)":[25],"a":[26,32],"rule-based":[27,62],"approach":[28,40],"to":[29,43],"LS":[30],"using":[31,41],"consumer":[33],"health":[34],"vocabulary,":[35],"2)":[37],"an":[38],"unsupervised":[39,52],"BERT":[42],"generate":[44],"word":[45],"candidates.":[46],"Human":[47],"evaluation":[48],"shows":[49],"that":[50],"model":[53],"performed":[54],"better":[55,65],"for":[56],"simplicity":[57],"grammaticality,":[59],"while":[60],"method":[63],"was":[64],"at":[66],"meaning":[67],"preservation.":[68]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
