{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3036696988","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/shti200144","title":"Digitalisation of the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised and Evaluation with a Machine Learning Algorithm","display_name":"Digitalisation of the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised and Evaluation with a Machine Learning Algorithm","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3036696988","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/shti200144","mag":"3036696988","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32570368"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/shti200144","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/shti200144","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210179765","display_name":"Studies in health technology and informatics","issn_l":"0926-9630","issn":["0926-9630","1879-8365"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Studies in Health Technology and Informatics","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/shti200144","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Birchmeier Martin Eduard","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130692619","display_name":"Bern University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/02bnkt322","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130692619"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Birchmeier Martin Eduard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bern University of Applied Sciences, Biel, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bern University of Applied Sciences, Biel, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130692619"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079733479","display_name":"Tobias Studer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130692619","display_name":"Bern University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/02bnkt322","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130692619"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Studer Tobias","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bern University of Applied Sciences, Biel, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bern University of Applied Sciences, Biel, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130692619"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047098023","display_name":"Andreas Lutterotti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1301-2863"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100468","display_name":"University Hospital of Zurich","ror":"https://ror.org/01462r250","country_code":"CH","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100468"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lutterotti Andreas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100468"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042457330","display_name":"Iris\u2010Katharina Penner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6746-1034"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130226","display_name":"Euro-Centrum","ror":"https://ror.org/02qrd8y65","country_code":"PL","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130226"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Penner Iris-Katharina","raw_affiliation_strings":["COGITO Center, Neurocognition and Neuropsychology, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"COGITO Center, Neurocognition and Neuropsychology, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130226"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008155777","display_name":"Serge Bignens","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130692619","display_name":"Bern University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/02bnkt322","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130692619"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bignens Serge","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bern University of Applied Sciences, Biel, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bern University of Applied Sciences, Biel, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130692619"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130692619"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0882,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81584906,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"270","issue":null,"first_page":"168","last_page":"172"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14144","display_name":"Neurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments","score":0.9280999898910522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14144","display_name":"Neurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments","score":0.9280999898910522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test","display_name":"Test (biology)","score":0.6878458261489868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuropsychology","display_name":"Neuropsychology","score":0.6444117426872253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6004565358161926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.5189356803894043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4868304133415222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.44648128747940063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3427942991256714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.31757092475891113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3169865012168884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychiatry","display_name":"Psychiatry","score":0.1163223385810852}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6878458261489868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14216870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3872","display_name":"Neuropsychology","level":3,"score":0.6444117426872253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6004565358161926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.5189356803894043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4868304133415222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.44648128747940063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3427942991256714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.31757092475891113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3169865012168884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.1163223385810852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008568","descriptor_name":"Memory","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008568","descriptor_name":"Memory","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008568","descriptor_name":"Memory","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009483","descriptor_name":"Neuropsychological Tests","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009483","descriptor_name":"Neuropsychological Tests","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009483","descriptor_name":"Neuropsychological Tests","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3233/shti200144","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/shti200144","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210179765","display_name":"Studies in health technology and informatics","issn_l":"0926-9630","issn":["0926-9630","1879-8365"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Studies in Health Technology and Informatics","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"pmid:32570368","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32570368","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Studies in health technology and informatics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:arbor.bfh.ch:12989","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arbor.bfh.ch/12989/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922806","display_name":"ARBOR - Bern University of Applied Sciences Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Birchmeier, Martin Eduard; Studer, Tobias; Lutterotti, Andreas; Penner, Iris-Katharina; Bignens, Serge (2020). Digitalisation of the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised and Evaluation with a Machine Learning Algorithm. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, 270, pp. 168-172. IOS Press 10.3233/SHTI200144 <http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/SHTI200144>","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.zora.uzh.ch:192594","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/192594/1/SHTI-270-SHTI200144.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401281","display_name":"Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I202697423","host_organization_name":"University of Zurich","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I202697423"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Birchmeier, Martin Eduard; Studer, Tobias; Lutterotti, Andreas; Penner, Iris-Katharina; Bignens, Serge  (2020). Digitalisation of the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised and Evaluation with a Machine Learning Algorithm. In: Pape-Haugaard, Louise B; Lovis, Christian; Cort Madsen, Inge; Weber, Patrick; Hostrup Nielsen, Per; Scott, Philip. Digital Personalized Health and Medicine. Amsterdam: I O S Press, 168-172.","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"doi:10.5167/uzh-192594","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-192594","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407051291","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Z\u00fcrich, ZORA","issn_l":null,"issn":[],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"chapter"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/shti200144","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/shti200144","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210179765","display_name":"Studies in health technology and informatics","issn_l":"0926-9630","issn":["0926-9630","1879-8365"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"book series"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Studies in Health Technology and Informatics","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2188694753","https://openalex.org/W2008742484","https://openalex.org/W4249460991","https://openalex.org/W101941668","https://openalex.org/W4235975874","https://openalex.org/W4251872229","https://openalex.org/W1601903558","https://openalex.org/W1516079111","https://openalex.org/W4241956123","https://openalex.org/W3126550853"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,22,123,136,208],"disease":[1],"multiple":[2],"sclerosis":[3],"(MS)":[4],"is":[5,28,43,183,224],"characterized":[6],"by":[7,61,126],"various":[8],"neurological":[9],"symptoms.":[10],"This":[11],"paper":[12,116],"deals":[13],"with":[14,74,140,146,244],"a":[15,29,50,66,78,95,100,114,163,168,233],"novel":[16],"tool":[17],"to":[18,32,52,105,119,214,227],"assess":[19],"cognitive":[20],"dysfunction.":[21],"Brief":[23],"Visuospatial":[24],"Memory":[25],"Test-Revised":[26],"(BVMT-R)":[27],"recognized":[30],"method":[31,247],"measure":[33],"optical":[34],"recognition":[35],"deficits":[36],"and":[37,69,90,98,153,197,205],"their":[38],"progression.":[39],"Typically,":[40],"the":[41,63,71,75,106,109,120,133,141,147,150,156,159,172,175,181,192,200,203,219,229,245,248,252],"test":[42,101,134],"carried":[44],"out":[45],"on":[46],"paper.":[47],"We":[48,236],"present":[49],"way":[51],"make":[53],"this":[54,189],"process":[55],"more":[56],"efficient,":[57],"without":[58],"losing":[59],"quality":[60],"having":[62,70],"patients":[64],"using":[65],"tablet":[67],"App":[68],"drawings":[72,87,112],"rated":[73],"use":[76],"of":[77,85,132,149,155,158,174,177,199,202,218],"machine":[79],"learning":[80],"(ML)":[81],"algorithm.":[82],"A":[83],"dataset":[84,97,108],"1'525":[86],"were":[88,117],"digitalized":[89],"then":[91],"randomly":[92],"split":[93],"in":[94,99,211,232],"training":[96,107,121],"dataset.":[102,122,135],"In":[103],"addition":[104],"already":[110],"trained":[111],"from":[113],"preliminary":[115],"added":[118],"ratings":[124,137,201],"done":[125,138],"two":[127,253],"neuropsychologists":[128,209],"matched":[129,144,195],"for":[130,171,185],"81%":[131],"automatically":[139],"ML":[142,193,241],"algorithm":[143,194],"72%":[145],"ones":[148,157],"first":[151,204],"neuropsychologist":[152],"79%":[154],"second":[160,206],"neuropsychologist.":[161],"For":[162],"semi-automated":[164,246],"rating":[165,176],"we":[166],"defined":[167],"threshold":[169,190],"value":[170,191],"reliability":[173],"78.8%,":[178],"under":[179],"which":[180],"drawing":[182],"routed":[184],"manual":[186],"rating.":[187],"With":[188,221],"80.3%":[196],"86.6%":[198],"neuropsychologists.":[207],"have":[210,243],"that":[212,239],"case":[213],"manually":[215],"check":[216],"17.4%":[217],"drawings.":[220],"our":[222,240],"results":[223],"it":[225],"possible":[226],"execute":[228],"BVMT-R":[230],"Test":[231],"digital":[234],"way.":[235],"found":[237],"out,":[238],"algorithms":[242],"similar":[249],"matching":[250],"as":[251],"professional":[254],"raters.":[255]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-16T08:26:57.006410","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}