{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4226090882","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/jifs-211273","title":"Deep neural network ensembles for detecting self-admitted technical debt","display_name":"Deep neural network ensembles for detecting self-admitted technical debt","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4226090882","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/jifs-211273"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/jifs-211273","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/jifs-211273","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S179157397","display_name":"Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems","issn_l":"1064-1246","issn":["1064-1246","1875-8967"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075667107","display_name":"Ming Yin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4961-564X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an City, Shaanxi Province, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an City, Shaanxi Province, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102431173","display_name":"Kuiyu Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8261-9380"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kuiyu Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an City, Shaanxi Province, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an City, Shaanxi Province, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083245914","display_name":"Hongli Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6352-8481"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongli Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an City, Shaanxi Province, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an City, Shaanxi Province, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008132215","display_name":"Dan Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2827-464X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dan Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Debbie and Jerry Ivy College of Business, Iowa State University, Iowa, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Debbie and Jerry Ivy College of Business, Iowa State University, Iowa, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041104877","display_name":"Jijiao Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8325-7324"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jijiao Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Management, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an City, Shaanxi Province, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Management, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an City, Shaanxi Province, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102431173"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0677931,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"43","issue":"1","first_page":"93","last_page":"105"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.9703999757766724,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9381999969482422,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8615915775299072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.8090303540229797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6974527835845947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6585099101066589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5491448044776917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5467516183853149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5218031406402588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.49875593185424805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pyramid","display_name":"Pyramid (geometry)","score":0.46794620156288147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-engineering","display_name":"Feature engineering","score":0.46703240275382996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.4187813997268677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3215954303741455}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8615915775299072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.8090303540229797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6974527835845947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6585099101066589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5491448044776917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5467516183853149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5218031406402588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.49875593185424805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142575187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3358290","display_name":"Pyramid (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.46794620156288147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778827112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22245680","display_name":"Feature engineering","level":3,"score":0.46703240275382996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4187813997268677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3215954303741455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3233/jifs-211273","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/jifs-211273","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S179157397","display_name":"Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems","issn_l":"1064-1246","issn":["1064-1246","1875-8967"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.5400000214576721}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1970518052","https://openalex.org/W2902307247","https://openalex.org/W2921333516","https://openalex.org/W2964236337","https://openalex.org/W2966158888","https://openalex.org/W2971875451","https://openalex.org/W3010212250","https://openalex.org/W3023016738","https://openalex.org/W3031907701","https://openalex.org/W3091704525"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4293226380","https://openalex.org/W4375867731","https://openalex.org/W4226493464","https://openalex.org/W4312417841","https://openalex.org/W3193565141","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W3167935049","https://openalex.org/W3029198973","https://openalex.org/W2965782936","https://openalex.org/W3034267371"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Effectively":[0],"identifying":[1],"self-admitted":[2],"technical":[3],"debt":[4],"(SATD)":[5],"from":[6,147],"project":[7],"source":[8,144],"code":[9,145],"comments":[10,146],"helps":[11],"developers":[12],"quickly":[13],"find":[14],"and":[15,36,102,106,165],"repay":[16],"these":[17,44],"debts,":[18],"thereby":[19],"reducing":[20],"its":[21],"negative":[22],"impact.":[23],"Previous":[24],"studies":[25],"used":[26,114,151],"techniques":[27],"based":[28],"on":[29],"patterns,":[30],"text":[31],"mining,":[32],"natural":[33],"language":[34],"processing,":[35],"neural":[37,83,100],"networks":[38],"to":[39,71,87,118,126,133,140,174],"detect":[40,166],"SATD.":[41],"Compared":[42],"with":[43],"above,":[45],"Convolutional":[46,110],"Neural":[47,111],"Networks":[48],"(CNN)":[49],"have":[50],"the":[51,64,73,120,128,135,177],"strong":[52],"feature":[53,138],"extraction":[54],"ability.":[55],"Deep":[56],"network":[57,84,101,122],"ensembles":[58],"are":[59,113],"demonstrated":[60],"great":[61],"potential":[62],"for":[63,170],"task":[65],"of":[66,75,137],"sentences":[67],"classification.":[68,142],"In":[69,124],"order":[70,125],"boost":[72],"performance":[74],"CNN-based":[76],"SATD":[77,141],"detecting,":[78],"we":[79,130],"propose":[80],"a":[81,91],"deep":[82,121],"ensemble":[85,88],"contribute":[86],"learning":[89],"in":[90,152],"simple":[92],"yet":[93],"effective":[94],"way.":[95],"Specifically,":[96],"CNN,":[97],"CNN-LSTM":[98],"(convolutional":[99],"long":[103],"short-term":[104],"memory),":[105],"DPCNN":[107],"(Deep":[108],"Pyramid":[109],"Networks)":[112],"as":[115,173],"individual":[116],"classifiers":[117],"diversify":[119],"ensembles.":[123],"improve":[127,176],"explainability,":[129],"introduce":[131],"attention":[132],"measure":[134],"contribution":[136],"words":[139],"62,285":[143],"10":[148],"projects":[149],"were":[150],"our":[153,159],"experiments.":[154],"The":[155],"results":[156],"show":[157],"that":[158],"approach":[160],"can":[161],"effectively":[162],"reduce":[163],"misjudgment":[164],"more":[167],"SATD,":[168],"especially":[169],"cross-project,":[171],"so":[172],"greatly":[175],"detection":[178],"accuracy.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}