{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3209388626","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/jifs-210802","title":"Unsupervised labelling of remote sensing images based on force field clustering","display_name":"Unsupervised labelling of remote sensing images based on force field clustering","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3209388626","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/jifs-210802","mag":"3209388626"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/jifs-210802","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/jifs-210802","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S179157397","display_name":"Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems","issn_l":"1064-1246","issn":["1064-1246","1875-8967"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080805747","display_name":"Zhenggang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3796-4853"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhenggang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chengdu Institute of Computer Application, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu Customs District, People\u2019s Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chengdu Institute of Computer Application, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu Customs District, People\u2019s Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100684974","display_name":"Jin Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3745-3233"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jin Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chengdu Institute of Computer Application, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chengdu Institute of Computer Application, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5080805747"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.20447498,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"42","issue":"4","first_page":"3093","last_page":"3106"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11106","display_name":"Data Management and Algorithms","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9915000200271606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.8154460191726685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.741217851638794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5406605005264282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5225669741630554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.5189473628997803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.5151492357254028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.47837892174720764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.47696030139923096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4525640606880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position","display_name":"Position (finance)","score":0.450371652841568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.4398415684700012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.43943676352500916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4243204593658447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.41495048999786377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.34837469458580017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.148609459400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.1364184021949768}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.8154460191726685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.741217851638794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5406605005264282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5225669741630554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.5189473628997803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5151492357254028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.47837892174720764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.47696030139923096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4525640606880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.450371652841568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4398415684700012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.43943676352500916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4243204593658447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.41495048999786377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.34837469458580017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.148609459400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1364184021949768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3233/jifs-210802","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/jifs-210802","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S179157397","display_name":"Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems","issn_l":"1064-1246","issn":["1064-1246","1875-8967"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1044379819","https://openalex.org/W1976505354","https://openalex.org/W1994938019","https://openalex.org/W2560185252","https://openalex.org/W2620790760","https://openalex.org/W2740924709","https://openalex.org/W2746841293","https://openalex.org/W2772373554","https://openalex.org/W2773229455","https://openalex.org/W2788018967","https://openalex.org/W2792794215","https://openalex.org/W2797642099","https://openalex.org/W2918013683","https://openalex.org/W2943827744","https://openalex.org/W2954942261","https://openalex.org/W3023466812","https://openalex.org/W3035237144","https://openalex.org/W4231826642","https://openalex.org/W4235169531","https://openalex.org/W4247232020"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2804364458","https://openalex.org/W4298130764","https://openalex.org/W2132641928","https://openalex.org/W2090259340","https://openalex.org/W4310225030","https://openalex.org/W2083665254","https://openalex.org/W2393816671","https://openalex.org/W1534720161","https://openalex.org/W2804957450","https://openalex.org/W1522196789"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Remote":[0],"sensing":[1,23,69,160],"image":[2,39],"segmentation":[3],"provides":[4],"technical":[5],"support":[6],"for":[7],"decision":[8],"making":[9],"in":[10,82,158],"many":[11],"areas":[12],"of":[13,20,38,85,98,111,154],"environmental":[14],"resource":[15],"management.":[16],"But,":[17],"the":[18,21,61,83,93,99,106,112,124,136,142,152],"quality":[19],"remote":[22,68,159],"images":[24,161],"obtained":[25],"from":[26,64],"different":[27,65,155],"channels":[28],"can":[29,102,150],"vary":[30],"considerably,":[31],"and":[32,44,76,109,126,163],"manually":[33],"labeling":[34],"a":[35,51,127],"mass":[36],"amount":[37],"data":[40,78,87],"is":[41,120,132],"too":[42],"expensive":[43],"inefficiently.":[45],"In":[46],"this":[47],"paper,":[48],"we":[49],"propose":[50],"point":[52],"density":[53,108],"force":[54],"field":[55],"clustering":[56,118,145],"(PDFC)":[57],"process.":[58],"According":[59],"to":[60,91,122,134,140],"spectral":[62],"information":[63],"ground":[66,156],"objects,":[67],"superpixel":[70],"points":[71,88],"are":[72,89,166],"divided":[73],"into":[74],"core":[75,86],"edge":[77],"points.":[79],"The":[80,96,147],"differences":[81],"densities":[84],"used":[90,121,133],"form":[92],"local":[94,113],"peak.":[95,114],"center":[97],"initial":[100],"cluster":[101,151],"be":[103],"determined":[104],"by":[105,169],"weighted":[107],"position":[110],"An":[115],"iterative":[116],"nebular":[117],"process":[119],"obtain":[123,141],"result,":[125],"proposed":[128,148],"new":[129],"objective":[130],"function":[131],"optimize":[135],"model":[137],"parameters":[138],"automatically":[139],"global":[143],"optimal":[144],"solution.":[146],"algorithm":[149],"area":[153],"objects":[157],"automatically,":[162],"these":[164],"categories":[165],"then":[167],"labeled":[168],"humans":[170],"simply.":[171]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}