{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3197613166","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/jifs-200713","title":"Facial expression recognition with fused handcraft features based on pixel difference local directional number pattern","display_name":"Facial expression recognition with fused handcraft features based on pixel difference local directional number pattern","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3197613166","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/jifs-200713","mag":"3197613166"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/jifs-200713","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/jifs-200713","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S179157397","display_name":"Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems","issn_l":"1064-1246","issn":["1064-1246","1875-8967"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100733310","display_name":"Yan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8843-8685"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110109458","display_name":"Tianjin University of Commerce","ror":"https://ror.org/02b6amy98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110109458"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Engineering, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Engineering, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110109458"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018742338","display_name":"Jianchun Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155317","display_name":"Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/0516wpz95","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155317"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianchun Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Agriculture Information Department in Institute of Information, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Agriculture Information Department in Institute of Information, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101973258","display_name":"LI Yan-ju","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0315-1838"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155317","display_name":"Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/0516wpz95","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210155317"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanju Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Agriculture Information Department in Institute of Information, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Agriculture Information Department in Institute of Information, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110232713","display_name":"Ming Yu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184843921","display_name":"Hebei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/018hded08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184843921"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184843921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072106395","display_name":"Yancong Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0273-0595"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110109458","display_name":"Tianjin University of Commerce","ror":"https://ror.org/02b6amy98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110109458"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yancong Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Engineering, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Engineering, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110109458"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100770109","display_name":"Bo Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9795-4673"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110109458","display_name":"Tianjin University of Commerce","ror":"https://ror.org/02b6amy98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110109458"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bo Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Engineering, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Engineering, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110109458"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100770109"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110109458"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2882,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.55710784,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"41","issue":"1","first_page":"113","last_page":"123"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9804999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/softmax-function","display_name":"Softmax function","score":0.9196200966835022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7857699990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7599519491195679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6903058886528015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.6448589563369751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.5577566027641296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.48768651485443115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoencoder","display_name":"Autoencoder","score":0.4770578444004059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.45975494384765625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4581214189529419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.4529196619987488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.19960540533065796}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188441871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7554146","display_name":"Softmax function","level":3,"score":0.9196200966835022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7857699990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7599519491195679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6903058886528015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.6448589563369751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.5577566027641296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.48768651485443115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101738243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786435","display_name":"Autoencoder","level":3,"score":0.4770578444004059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.45975494384765625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4581214189529419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.4529196619987488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.19960540533065796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3233/jifs-200713","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/jifs-200713","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S179157397","display_name":"Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems","issn_l":"1064-1246","issn":["1064-1246","1875-8967"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.6200000047683716}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1166996211","https://openalex.org/W1677920914","https://openalex.org/W1964762821","https://openalex.org/W1974210421","https://openalex.org/W1996958556","https://openalex.org/W1999707555","https://openalex.org/W2004197686","https://openalex.org/W2014197416","https://openalex.org/W2025334880","https://openalex.org/W2043299520","https://openalex.org/W2058098602","https://openalex.org/W2103943262","https://openalex.org/W2106115875","https://openalex.org/W2133180260","https://openalex.org/W2151625238","https://openalex.org/W2248071184","https://openalex.org/W2294700151","https://openalex.org/W2296559023","https://openalex.org/W2338375948","https://openalex.org/W2471912788","https://openalex.org/W2487752677","https://openalex.org/W2487852963","https://openalex.org/W2506506742","https://openalex.org/W2558757940","https://openalex.org/W2569335654","https://openalex.org/W2581082139","https://openalex.org/W2612508648","https://openalex.org/W2629163415","https://openalex.org/W2737898408","https://openalex.org/W2744078350","https://openalex.org/W2769836604","https://openalex.org/W2774147932","https://openalex.org/W2775666429","https://openalex.org/W2799329784","https://openalex.org/W2971794874","https://openalex.org/W3101572448","https://openalex.org/W4249547329","https://openalex.org/W6746494662"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2090093270","https://openalex.org/W2743258233","https://openalex.org/W2772780115","https://openalex.org/W2977314777","https://openalex.org/W4300003422","https://openalex.org/W2592385986","https://openalex.org/W2785535669","https://openalex.org/W2807311372","https://openalex.org/W2016461833","https://openalex.org/W4221015625"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Facial":[0],"expression":[1,30,42],"recognition":[2],"(FER)":[3],"has":[4],"been":[5],"an":[6,112],"active":[7],"research":[8],"area":[9],"in":[10,18,109],"recent":[11],"years,":[12],"which":[13,77],"plays":[14],"a":[15,51,62],"vital":[16],"role":[17],"national":[19],"security":[20],"and":[21,32,86,99,138],"human-computer":[22],"interaction.":[23],"Due":[24],"to":[25,38,56,111],"the":[26,90,119,125,147],"lacking":[27],"of":[28,102],"sufficient":[29],"features":[31,92,106,121],"facial":[33,41,130,152],"images,":[34],"it":[35],"is":[36,75],"challenging":[37],"automatically":[39],"recognize":[40],"with":[43],"high":[44],"accuracy.":[45],"In":[46],"this":[47],"paper,":[48],"we":[49],"propose":[50],"fusion":[52],"handcraft":[53],"feature":[54,65,87],"method":[55,67,142],"improve":[57],"FER":[58],"from":[59],"images.":[60],"Firstly,":[61],"new":[63],"texture":[64,95],"extraction":[66],"PD-LDN":[68,94],"(Pixel":[69],"Difference":[70],"Local":[71],"Directional":[72],"Number":[73],"pattern)":[74],"proposed,":[76],"can":[78],"extract":[79],"more":[80],"local":[81],"information,":[82],"reduce":[83],"noise":[84],"disturbance":[85],"dimension.":[88],"Secondly,":[89],"handcrafted":[91],"including":[93],"features,":[96,98],"geometric":[97],"BOVW":[100],"(Bag":[101],"Visual":[103],"Words)":[104],"semantic":[105],"are":[107,122],"connected":[108],"parallel":[110],"improved":[113],"autoencoder":[114],"network":[115],"for":[116,128],"fusion.":[117],"Finally,":[118],"fused":[120],"input":[123],"into":[124],"softmax":[126],"classifier":[127],"recognizing":[129,151],"expression.":[131],"We":[132],"conduct":[133],"extensive":[134],"experiments":[135],"on":[136,150],"JAFFE":[137],"CK+datasets.":[139],"Our":[140],"proposed":[141],"shows":[143],"superior":[144],"performance":[145],"than":[146],"state-of-the-art":[148],"approaches":[149],"expressions.":[153]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}