{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4225496210","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/jcs-210049","title":"How to measure usable security: Natural strategies in voting protocols1","display_name":"How to measure usable security: Natural strategies in voting protocols1","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4225496210","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/jcs-210049"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/jcs-210049","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/jcs-210049","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106992369","display_name":"Journal of Computer Security","issn_l":"0926-227X","issn":["0926-227X","1875-8924"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computer Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019701853","display_name":"Wojciech Jamroga","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6340-8845"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186903577","display_name":"University of Luxembourg","ror":"https://ror.org/036x5ad56","country_code":"LU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087266","display_name":"Institute of Computer Science","ror":"https://ror.org/003fvp964","country_code":"PL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087266","https://openalex.org/I99542240"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99542240","display_name":"Polish Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01dr6c206","country_code":"PL","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99542240"]}],"countries":["LU","PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wojciech Jamroga","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computer Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland","Interdisc.\u00a0Centre on Security, Reliability and Trust, SnT, University of Luxembourg"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computer Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99542240","https://openalex.org/I4210087266"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Interdisc.\u00a0Centre on Security, Reliability and Trust, SnT, University of Luxembourg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186903577"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029636027","display_name":"Damian Kurpiewski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-2909"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087266","display_name":"Institute of Computer Science","ror":"https://ror.org/003fvp964","country_code":"PL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087266","https://openalex.org/I99542240"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99542240","display_name":"Polish Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01dr6c206","country_code":"PL","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99542240"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Damian Kurpiewski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computer Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computer Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99542240","https://openalex.org/I4210087266"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026864209","display_name":"Vadim Malvone","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6138-4229"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12356871","display_name":"T\u00e9l\u00e9com Paris","ror":"https://ror.org/01naq7912","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12356871","https://openalex.org/I205703379","https://openalex.org/I4210145102"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145102","display_name":"Institut Polytechnique de Paris","ror":"https://ror.org/042tfbd02","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145102"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145666","display_name":"Embedded Systems (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04742eh45","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145666"]}],"countries":["FR","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Vadim Malvone","raw_affiliation_strings":["T\u00e9l\u00e9com Paris, France","Autonomic and Critical Embedded Systems","Institut Polytechnique de Paris"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"T\u00e9l\u00e9com Paris, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12356871"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Autonomic and Critical Embedded Systems","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145666"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut Polytechnique de Paris","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145102"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026864209"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12356871","https://openalex.org/I4210145102","https://openalex.org/I4210145666"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6939,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7448012,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":"3","first_page":"381","last_page":"409"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7581063508987427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.7251715660095215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usable","display_name":"USable","score":0.6712302565574646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compromise","display_name":"Compromise","score":0.6513955593109131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voting","display_name":"Voting","score":0.6124203205108643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/verifiable-secret-sharing","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","score":0.5630166530609131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/property","display_name":"Property (philosophy)","score":0.4930884540081024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measure","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","score":0.46420201659202576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dual","display_name":"Dual (grammatical number)","score":0.43320319056510925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.11870655417442322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.0918700098991394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.08809712529182434}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7581063508987427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.7251715660095215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780615836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2471869","display_name":"USable","level":2,"score":0.6712302565574646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46355384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q726686","display_name":"Compromise","level":2,"score":0.6513955593109131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520049643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189760","display_name":"Voting","level":3,"score":0.6124203205108643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85847156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59015987","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","level":3,"score":0.5630166530609131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189950617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q937228","display_name":"Property (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4930884540081024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.46420201659202576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780980858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q110022","display_name":"Dual (grammatical number)","level":2,"score":0.43320319056510925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.11870655417442322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.0918700098991394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.08809712529182434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3233/jcs-210049","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/jcs-210049","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106992369","display_name":"Journal of Computer Security","issn_l":"0926-227X","issn":["0926-227X","1875-8924"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computer Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-03779032v1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://telecom-paris.hal.science/hal-03779032","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computer Security, 2022, 30 (3), pp.381-409. ⟨10.3233/JCS-210049⟩","raw_type":"Journal articles"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7900000214576721,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W426629399","https://openalex.org/W1495408127","https://openalex.org/W1552192319","https://openalex.org/W1678518841","https://openalex.org/W1770021116","https://openalex.org/W1851628136","https://openalex.org/W1864331615","https://openalex.org/W1944403676","https://openalex.org/W1962072139","https://openalex.org/W1988811748","https://openalex.org/W2002454538","https://openalex.org/W2003593381","https://openalex.org/W2007216019","https://openalex.org/W2030358626","https://openalex.org/W2031522732","https://openalex.org/W2048905609","https://openalex.org/W2062299969","https://openalex.org/W2073302931","https://openalex.org/W2108947407","https://openalex.org/W2113589671","https://openalex.org/W2120841525","https://openalex.org/W2121170230","https://openalex.org/W2131043268","https://openalex.org/W2134991157","https://openalex.org/W2148449262","https://openalex.org/W2157438678","https://openalex.org/W2290533330","https://openalex.org/W2316572337","https://openalex.org/W2395822484","https://openalex.org/W2507474852","https://openalex.org/W2517165692","https://openalex.org/W2529612928","https://openalex.org/W2561145802","https://openalex.org/W2756614512","https://openalex.org/W2791148492","https://openalex.org/W2890425847","https://openalex.org/W2912248071","https://openalex.org/W2914626851","https://openalex.org/W2941486925","https://openalex.org/W2971634072","https://openalex.org/W2994648961","https://openalex.org/W3015230606","https://openalex.org/W3021616496","https://openalex.org/W3027211965","https://openalex.org/W3088962479","https://openalex.org/W3140030144","https://openalex.org/W3174547089","https://openalex.org/W4252284432","https://openalex.org/W6637329777","https://openalex.org/W6683159045"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2801622120","https://openalex.org/W2164141394","https://openalex.org/W4240977217","https://openalex.org/W3036524962","https://openalex.org/W2508088450","https://openalex.org/W2389434635","https://openalex.org/W4214750239","https://openalex.org/W2279908259","https://openalex.org/W2025641871","https://openalex.org/W4252107351"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Formal":[0],"analysis":[1],"of":[2,11,74,80,109,145,171,208,215,224],"security":[3,30,43,75,95],"is":[4,98],"often":[5,53],"focused":[6],"on":[7,77,131,158],"the":[8,12,18,23,28,56,63,78,81,90,107,110,113,124,127,132,141,143,150,168,172,189,196,205,213,216,221,225],"technological":[9],"side":[10],"system.":[13],"One":[14],"implicitly":[15],"assumes":[16],"that":[17,45,89,112,126,199],"users":[19],"will":[20],"behave":[21],"in":[22,103,153],"right":[24],"way":[25],"to":[26,50,92,116,118,138,191,219],"preserve":[27],"relevant":[29,222],"properties.":[31],"In":[32,41],"real":[33],"life,":[34],"this":[35,164],"cannot":[36],"be":[37,101],"taken":[38],"for":[39,178,188],"granted.":[40],"particular,":[42],"mechanisms":[44],"are":[46,52],"difficult":[47],"and":[48,58,122,136,180,194],"costly":[49],"use":[51],"ignored":[54],"by":[55,212],"users,":[57],"do":[59],"not":[60],"really":[61],"defend":[62],"system":[64],"against":[65],"possible":[66],"attacks.":[67],"Here,":[68],"we":[69,87,166,184],"propose":[70],"a":[71,94,154],"graded":[72,209],"notion":[73],"based":[76,157],"complexity":[79,108,214],"user\u2019s":[82],"strategic":[83],"behavior.":[84],"More":[85],"precisely,":[86],"suggest":[88],"level":[91],"which":[93],"property":[96],"\u03c6":[97,120],"satisfied":[99],"can":[100],"defined":[102],"terms":[104],"of:":[105],"(a)":[106],"strategy":[111,218],"user":[114,128],"needs":[115],"execute":[117],"make":[119],"true,":[121],"(b)":[123],"resources":[125],"must":[129],"employ":[130],"way.":[133],"The":[134],"simpler":[135],"cheaper":[137],"obtain":[139,192],"\u03c6,":[140],"higher":[142],"degree":[144],"security.":[146],"We":[147,202],"demonstrate":[148],"how":[149],"idea":[151],"works":[152],"case":[155],"study":[156],"an":[159],"electronic":[160],"voting":[161,176],"scenario.":[162],"To":[163],"end,":[165],"model":[167],"vVote":[169],"implementation":[170],"Pr\u00eat":[173],"\u00e0":[174],"Voter":[175],"protocol":[177],"coercion-resistant":[179],"voter-verifiable":[181],"elections.":[182],"Then,":[183],"identify":[185],"\u201cnatural\u201d":[186],"strategies":[187],"voter":[190],"voter-verifiability,":[193],"measure":[195],"voter\u2019s":[197],"effort":[198],"they":[200],"require.":[201],"also":[203],"consider":[204],"dual":[206],"view":[207],"security,":[210],"measured":[211],"attacker\u2019s":[217],"compromise":[220],"properties":[223],"election.":[226]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-03T09:05:47.796612","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}