{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2775020913","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/jcs-17947","title":"Towards designing robust CAPTCHAs","display_name":"Towards designing robust CAPTCHAs","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-12-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2775020913","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/jcs-17947","mag":"2775020913"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/jcs-17947","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/jcs-17947","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106992369","display_name":"Journal of Computer Security","issn_l":"0926-227X","issn":["0926-227X","1875-8924"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computer Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078634311","display_name":"David Lorenzi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102322142","display_name":"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey","ror":"https://ror.org/05vt9qd57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096112","display_name":"Rutgers Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights","ror":"https://ror.org/00rcvgx40","country_code":"NL","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096112"]}],"countries":["NL","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Lorenzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Management Science and Information Systems Department, Rutgers University, USA. E-mails:\u00a0,\u00a0,\u00a0,\u00a0","Management Science and Information Systems Department, Rutgers University, USA. E-mails:\u00a0dlorenzi@rutgers.edu,\u00a0emreu@rutgers.edu,\u00a0jsvaidya@rutgers.edu,\u00a0atluri@rutgers.edu"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Management Science and Information Systems Department, Rutgers University, USA. E-mails:\u00a0,\u00a0,\u00a0,\u00a0","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096112"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Management Science and Information Systems Department, Rutgers University, USA. E-mails:\u00a0dlorenzi@rutgers.edu,\u00a0emreu@rutgers.edu,\u00a0jsvaidya@rutgers.edu,\u00a0atluri@rutgers.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071662014","display_name":"Emre Uzun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1929-0074"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096112","display_name":"Rutgers Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights","ror":"https://ror.org/00rcvgx40","country_code":"NL","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096112"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102322142","display_name":"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey","ror":"https://ror.org/05vt9qd57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}],"countries":["NL","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emre Uzun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Management Science and Information Systems Department, Rutgers University, USA. E-mails:\u00a0,\u00a0,\u00a0,\u00a0","Management Science and Information Systems Department, Rutgers University, USA. E-mails:\u00a0dlorenzi@rutgers.edu,\u00a0emreu@rutgers.edu,\u00a0jsvaidya@rutgers.edu,\u00a0atluri@rutgers.edu"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Management Science and Information Systems Department, Rutgers University, USA. E-mails:\u00a0,\u00a0,\u00a0,\u00a0","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096112"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Management Science and Information Systems Department, Rutgers University, USA. E-mails:\u00a0dlorenzi@rutgers.edu,\u00a0emreu@rutgers.edu,\u00a0jsvaidya@rutgers.edu,\u00a0atluri@rutgers.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034878799","display_name":"Jaideep Vaidya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7420-6947"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102322142","display_name":"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey","ror":"https://ror.org/05vt9qd57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096112","display_name":"Rutgers Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights","ror":"https://ror.org/00rcvgx40","country_code":"NL","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096112"]}],"countries":["NL","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jaideep Vaidya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Management Science and Information Systems Department, Rutgers University, USA. E-mails:\u00a0,\u00a0,\u00a0,\u00a0","Management Science and Information Systems Department, Rutgers University, USA. E-mails:\u00a0dlorenzi@rutgers.edu,\u00a0emreu@rutgers.edu,\u00a0jsvaidya@rutgers.edu,\u00a0atluri@rutgers.edu"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Management Science and Information Systems Department, Rutgers University, USA. E-mails:\u00a0,\u00a0,\u00a0,\u00a0","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096112"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Management Science and Information Systems Department, Rutgers University, USA. E-mails:\u00a0dlorenzi@rutgers.edu,\u00a0emreu@rutgers.edu,\u00a0jsvaidya@rutgers.edu,\u00a0atluri@rutgers.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036571304","display_name":"Shamik Sural","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4315-7329"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145894827","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur","ror":"https://ror.org/03w5sq511","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145894827"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shamik Sural","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India. E-mail:\u00a0","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India. E-mail:\u00a0shamik@cse.iitkgp.ernet.in"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India. E-mail:\u00a0","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145894827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India. E-mail:\u00a0shamik@cse.iitkgp.ernet.in","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145894827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084845728","display_name":"Vijayalakshmi Atluri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2068-780X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096112","display_name":"Rutgers Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights","ror":"https://ror.org/00rcvgx40","country_code":"NL","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096112"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102322142","display_name":"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey","ror":"https://ror.org/05vt9qd57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}],"countries":["NL","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vijayalakshmi Atluri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Management Science and Information Systems Department, Rutgers University, USA. E-mails:\u00a0,\u00a0,\u00a0,\u00a0","Management Science and Information Systems Department, Rutgers University, USA. E-mails:\u00a0dlorenzi@rutgers.edu,\u00a0emreu@rutgers.edu,\u00a0jsvaidya@rutgers.edu,\u00a0atluri@rutgers.edu"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Management Science and Information Systems Department, Rutgers University, USA. E-mails:\u00a0,\u00a0,\u00a0,\u00a0","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096112"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Management Science and Information Systems Department, Rutgers University, USA. E-mails:\u00a0dlorenzi@rutgers.edu,\u00a0emreu@rutgers.edu,\u00a0jsvaidya@rutgers.edu,\u00a0atluri@rutgers.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5034878799"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142","https://openalex.org/I4210096112"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.23414527,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"6","first_page":"731","last_page":"760"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9829000234603882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9757000207901001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/captcha","display_name":"CAPTCHA","score":0.9968775510787964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7929857969284058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.5464063286781311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incentive","display_name":"Incentive","score":0.4622459411621094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.42358145117759705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3358507752418518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.33146268129348755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.29722926020622253}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163339463","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484598","display_name":"CAPTCHA","level":2,"score":0.9968775510787964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7929857969284058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.5464063286781311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.4622459411621094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.42358145117759705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3358507752418518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.33146268129348755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.29722926020622253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3233/jcs-17947","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/jcs-17947","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106992369","display_name":"Journal of Computer Security","issn_l":"0926-227X","issn":["0926-227X","1875-8924"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computer Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:alma.01RUT_INST:11663524340004646","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarship.libraries.rutgers.edu/esploro/outputs/journalArticle/Towards-designing-robust-CAPTCHAs/991031654584404646","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197018","display_name":"View","issn_l":"2688-268X","issn":["2688-268X","2688-3988"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W101073733","https://openalex.org/W180870158","https://openalex.org/W328371739","https://openalex.org/W1491356287","https://openalex.org/W1560502112","https://openalex.org/W1588250054","https://openalex.org/W1750831793","https://openalex.org/W1969670714","https://openalex.org/W1989864688","https://openalex.org/W2000600322","https://openalex.org/W2003735219","https://openalex.org/W2011145973","https://openalex.org/W2012588040","https://openalex.org/W2015824828","https://openalex.org/W2023414700","https://openalex.org/W2027237225","https://openalex.org/W2043165161","https://openalex.org/W2055219504","https://openalex.org/W2066596793","https://openalex.org/W2072410439","https://openalex.org/W2073458816","https://openalex.org/W2087133238","https://openalex.org/W2088301450","https://openalex.org/W2103630129","https://openalex.org/W2105523261","https://openalex.org/W2108290480","https://openalex.org/W2109908684","https://openalex.org/W2116241551","https://openalex.org/W2125561172","https://openalex.org/W2138992572","https://openalex.org/W2142442406","https://openalex.org/W2159783598","https://openalex.org/W2196513764","https://openalex.org/W2294749235","https://openalex.org/W2693668331","https://openalex.org/W3103340913","https://openalex.org/W6630241647","https://openalex.org/W6818959823"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3134776999","https://openalex.org/W1975364925","https://openalex.org/W2064097623","https://openalex.org/W1966530388","https://openalex.org/W2566963304","https://openalex.org/W2028308373","https://openalex.org/W2111502540","https://openalex.org/W2770704788","https://openalex.org/W3133610743","https://openalex.org/W2167292282"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"CAPTCHAs":[0,15,86,154],"are":[1],"reverse":[2],"Turing":[3],"tests":[4],"that":[5,131],"aim":[6],"to":[7,19,38,50,67,112,135],"distinguish":[8],"between":[9],"human":[10,28],"and":[11,32,65,87,106,139],"non-human":[12],"online":[13,72],"participants.":[14],"enable":[16],"site":[17],"administrators":[18],"determine":[20],"if":[21],"a":[22,26,30,90,95,127,156],"particular":[23],"user":[24,158],"is":[25],"legitimate":[27],"or":[29,34,52],"bot,":[31],"grant":[33],"deny":[35],"them":[36,108],"access":[37],"resources":[39],"accordingly,":[40],"thus":[41,88],"preventing":[42],"abuse":[43],"of":[44,126,143,146,148],"resources.":[45],"However,":[46],"given":[47],"the":[48,79,141,144,149],"incentive":[49],"break":[51],"circumvent":[53],"CAPTCHAs,":[54],"they":[55],"must":[56],"also":[57,122],"evolve":[58],"alongside":[59],"advances":[60],"in":[61],"machine":[62],"learning":[63],"tools":[64],"techniques":[66],"continue":[68],"providing":[69],"security":[70,129],"for":[71,83,93],"services.":[73],"In":[74],"this":[75,110],"paper,":[76],"we":[77],"present":[78,140],"essential":[80],"design":[81,115],"criteria":[82],"building":[84],"robust":[85],"provide":[89,123],"general":[91],"framework":[92],"evaluating":[94],"specific":[96],"CAPTCHA":[97,104,138],"design.":[98],"We":[99,121],"then":[100],"develop":[101],"several":[102],"new":[103,128],"exemplars,":[105],"analyze":[107],"from":[109],"perspective":[111],"show":[113],"how":[114],"decisions":[116],"impact":[117],"different":[118],"evaluation":[119,145],"parameters.":[120],"an":[124],"overview":[125],"method":[130],"can":[132],"be":[133],"applied":[134],"any":[136],"image":[137,152],"results":[142],"one":[147],"most":[150],"promising":[151],"based":[153],"with":[155],"comprehensive":[157],"study.":[159]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
