{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1862721573","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/jcs-130480","title":"Field switching in BGV-style homomorphic encryption","display_name":"Field switching in BGV-style homomorphic encryption","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-11-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1862721573","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/jcs-130480","mag":"1862721573"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/jcs-130480","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/jcs-130480","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106992369","display_name":"Journal of Computer Security","issn_l":"0926-227X","issn":["0926-227X","1875-8924"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computer Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044697595","display_name":"Craig Gentry","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114115","display_name":"IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0265w5591","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Craig Gentry","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown-Heights, NY, USA","IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights , NY, USA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown-Heights, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights , NY, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073301367","display_name":"Shai Halevi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3432-7899"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114115","display_name":"IBM Research - Thomas J. Watson Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0265w5591","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shai Halevi","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown-Heights, NY, USA","IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights , NY, USA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown-Heights, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114115"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights , NY, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086535374","display_name":"Chris Peikert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0419-7501"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chris Peikert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013420832","display_name":"Nigel P. Smart","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3567-3304"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","display_name":"University of Bristol","ror":"https://ror.org/0524sp257","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nigel P. Smart","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Bristol, Bristol, UK","[university of bristol, Bristol, UK]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bristol, Bristol, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[university of bristol, Bristol, UK]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5073301367"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227","https://openalex.org/I4210114115"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.9193,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96492813,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"5","first_page":"663","last_page":"684"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10720","display_name":"Complexity and Algorithms in Graphs","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11130","display_name":"Coding theory and cryptography","score":0.9868999719619751,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homomorphic-encryption","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","score":0.8694088459014893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bootstrapping","display_name":"Bootstrapping (finance)","score":0.5983200073242188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5948169827461243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.5784135460853577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5484524369239807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ciphertext","display_name":"Ciphertext","score":0.5058393478393555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimension","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","score":0.4786625802516937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/advanced-encryption-standard","display_name":"Advanced Encryption Standard","score":0.4159903824329376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.38687247037887573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3795589506626129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3705952763557434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3380775451660156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.3252210021018982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.1729249656200409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.16610383987426758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pure-mathematics","display_name":"Pure mathematics","score":0.13393771648406982}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158338273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154943","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","level":3,"score":0.8694088459014893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207609745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4944086","display_name":"Bootstrapping (finance)","level":2,"score":0.5983200073242188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5948169827461243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5784135460853577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5484524369239807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93974786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1589480","display_name":"Ciphertext","level":3,"score":0.5058393478393555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33676613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13415176","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.4786625802516937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94520183","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190746","display_name":"Advanced Encryption Standard","level":3,"score":0.4159903824329376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.38687247037887573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3795589506626129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3705952763557434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3380775451660156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.3252210021018982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.1729249656200409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.16610383987426758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.13393771648406982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3233/jcs-130480","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/jcs-130480","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S106992369","display_name":"Journal of Computer Security","issn_l":"0926-227X","issn":["0926-227X","1875-8924"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computer Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research-information.bris.ac.uk:openaire_cris_publications/af9ea9c1-d721-44bf-839d-ca7402d3bffb","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publications/af9ea9c1-d721-44bf-839d-ca7402d3bffb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400895","display_name":"Bristol Research (University of Bristol)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","host_organization_name":"University of Bristol","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Gentry, C, Halevi, S, Peikert, C & Smart, N P 2013, 'Field switching in BGV-style homomorphic encryption', Journal of Computer Security, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 663-684. https://doi.org/10.3233/JCS-130480","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.400.7906","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.400.7906","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"https://eprint.iacr.org/2012/240.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2575519571","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/I03126X/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306116","display_name":"U.S. Department of the Interior","ror":"https://ror.org/03v0pmy70"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306151","display_name":"Alfred P. Sloan Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/052csg198"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314744","display_name":"IBM Center for the Business of Government","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333452","display_name":"Interior Business Center","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W31130112","https://openalex.org/W1494049356","https://openalex.org/W1558606648","https://openalex.org/W1755636270","https://openalex.org/W1766548092","https://openalex.org/W1825240531","https://openalex.org/W1850468005","https://openalex.org/W1992282993","https://openalex.org/W2031533839","https://openalex.org/W2048994663","https://openalex.org/W2098290658","https://openalex.org/W2106970188","https://openalex.org/W2113333997","https://openalex.org/W2152926062","https://openalex.org/W2179033149","https://openalex.org/W2185856624","https://openalex.org/W2226167778","https://openalex.org/W2398715209","https://openalex.org/W2401959250","https://openalex.org/W2402235285"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2152926062","https://openalex.org/W2947510282","https://openalex.org/W2949607150","https://openalex.org/W2950312267","https://openalex.org/W2363701519","https://openalex.org/W3123945077","https://openalex.org/W2398715209","https://openalex.org/W2601739120","https://openalex.org/W3203896436","https://openalex.org/W913176383"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"security":[1,61],"of":[2,14,24,41,55,81,116,123,165],"contemporary":[3],"homomorphic":[4,75,101],"encryption":[5],"schemes":[6,92],"over":[7,114,136],"cyclotomic":[8,138],"number":[9,139],"field":[10,96],"relies":[11],"on":[12,94],"fields":[13],"very":[15],"large":[16,19,26],"dimension.":[17],"This":[18],"dimension":[20],"is":[21,50,64,88],"needed":[22],"because":[23],"the":[25,30,37,42,56,74,78,82,95,117,121,155,161],"modulus-to-noise":[27,48],"ratio":[28,49],"in":[29,52,120],"key-switching":[31],"matrices":[32],"that":[33],"are":[34],"used":[35,51,108,147],"for":[36,77,99,150],"top":[38],"few":[39],"levels":[40,54,80],"evaluated":[43],"circuit.":[44,83],"However,":[45,84],"a":[46,60],"smaller":[47],"lower":[53,79],"circuit,":[57],"so":[58],"from":[59],"standpoint":[62],"it":[63,144],"permissible":[65],"to":[66,68,134],"switch":[67],"lower-dimension":[69],"fields,":[70],"thus":[71],"speeding":[72],"up":[73],"operations":[76],"implementing":[85],"such":[86],"field-switching":[87],"nontrivial,":[89],"since":[90],"these":[91],"rely":[93],"algebraic":[97],"structure":[98],"their":[100],"properties.":[102],"A":[103],"basic":[104],"ring-switching":[105],"operation":[106],"was":[107],"by":[109],"Brakerski,":[110],"Gentry":[111],"and":[112,130,141,168],"Vaikuntanathan,":[113],"rings":[115],"form":[118],"Z[X]/(X2n+1),":[119],"context":[122],"bootstrapping.":[124],"In":[125],"this":[126,132],"work":[127,135],"we":[128],"generalize":[129],"extend":[131],"technique":[133],"any":[137],"field,":[140],"show":[142],"how":[143],"can":[145],"be":[146],"not":[148],"only":[149],"bootstrapping":[151],"but":[152],"also":[153],"during":[154],"computation":[156],"itself":[157],"(in":[158],"conjunction":[159],"with":[160],"\u201cpacked":[162],"ciphertext\u201d":[163],"techniques":[164],"Gentry,":[166],"Halevi":[167],"Smart).":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
