{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3017232720","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/jcm-204198","title":"Finding the optimal number of low dimension with locally linear embedding algorithm","display_name":"Finding the optimal number of low dimension with locally linear embedding algorithm","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-04-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3017232720","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/jcm-204198","mag":"3017232720"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/jcm-204198","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/jcm-204198","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2765058733","display_name":"Journal of Computational Methods in Sciences and Engineering","issn_l":"1472-7978","issn":["1472-7978","1875-8983"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computational Methods in Sciences and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101626594","display_name":"Tao Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7698-3117"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92403157","display_name":"University of Science and Technology Beijing","ror":"https://ror.org/02egmk993","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tao Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016681542","display_name":"Dongmei Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3918-9448"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92403157","display_name":"University of Science and Technology Beijing","ror":"https://ror.org/02egmk993","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongmei Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064906975","display_name":"Jintao Meng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8061-9329"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92403157","display_name":"University of Science and Technology Beijing","ror":"https://ror.org/02egmk993","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jintao Meng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050311015","display_name":"Jiqing Pan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92403157","display_name":"University of Science and Technology Beijing","ror":"https://ror.org/02egmk993","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiqing Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036042625","display_name":"Radim B\u00fcrget","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1849-5390"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60587646","display_name":"Brno University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03613d656","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Radim Burget","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Telecommunication, Brno University of Technology, Czech","Journal:"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Telecommunication, Brno University of Technology, Czech","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60587646"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Journal:","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101626594"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2944,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.55229127,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"4","first_page":"1163","last_page":"1173"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12676","display_name":"Machine Learning and ELM","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10500","display_name":"Sparse and Compressive Sensing Techniques","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimensionality-reduction","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","score":0.8487633466720581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrinsic-dimension","display_name":"Intrinsic dimension","score":0.8119022846221924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimension","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","score":0.7750288248062134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/euclidean-distance","display_name":"Euclidean distance","score":0.662606954574585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.6176011562347412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/divergence","display_name":"Divergence (linguistics)","score":0.5759721398353577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.5559642910957336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.5275452136993408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curse-of-dimensionality","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","score":0.5120956897735596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4971447288990021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matrix","display_name":"Matrix (chemical analysis)","score":0.4507477581501007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reduction","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","score":0.4447927474975586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-set","display_name":"Data set","score":0.42473047971725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/euclidean-geometry","display_name":"Euclidean geometry","score":0.4182211756706238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.41056540608406067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.410117506980896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.29555365443229675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.1907346546649933}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70518039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16000077","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","level":2,"score":0.8487633466720581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30732413","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17092636","display_name":"Intrinsic dimension","level":3,"score":0.8119022846221924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33676613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13415176","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.7750288248062134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120174047","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q847073","display_name":"Euclidean distance","level":2,"score":0.662606954574585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.6176011562347412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207390915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230525","display_name":"Divergence (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5759721398353577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.5559642910957336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.5275452136993408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111030470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1430460","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","level":2,"score":0.5120956897735596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4971447288990021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106487976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685816","display_name":"Matrix (chemical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4507477581501007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4447927474975586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58489278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172284","display_name":"Data set","level":2,"score":0.42473047971725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129782007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162886","display_name":"Euclidean geometry","level":2,"score":0.4182211756706238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.41056540608406067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.410117506980896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.29555365443229675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.1907346546649933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3233/jcm-204198","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/jcm-204198","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2765058733","display_name":"Journal of Computational Methods in Sciences and Engineering","issn_l":"1472-7978","issn":["1472-7978","1875-8983"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computational Methods in Sciences and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W566612420","https://openalex.org/W1177372804","https://openalex.org/W1539128165","https://openalex.org/W1757232183","https://openalex.org/W2001141328","https://openalex.org/W2017539895","https://openalex.org/W2017905664","https://openalex.org/W2048192550","https://openalex.org/W2053186076","https://openalex.org/W2062690810","https://openalex.org/W2087630789","https://openalex.org/W2097996627","https://openalex.org/W2099694479","https://openalex.org/W2127905518","https://openalex.org/W2149945051","https://openalex.org/W2187483593","https://openalex.org/W2283921858","https://openalex.org/W2285897999","https://openalex.org/W2389315092","https://openalex.org/W2734981231","https://openalex.org/W2754478492","https://openalex.org/W2906447082","https://openalex.org/W2962702700","https://openalex.org/W3104335155","https://openalex.org/W4297817021","https://openalex.org/W6675457566","https://openalex.org/W6686785280"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3017232720","https://openalex.org/W2150591619","https://openalex.org/W2515375413","https://openalex.org/W2124477890","https://openalex.org/W1498966292","https://openalex.org/W2996236631","https://openalex.org/W1771781207","https://openalex.org/W4286909486","https://openalex.org/W2907464407","https://openalex.org/W1703430188"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"1)":[0],"The":[1,38,119],"problem":[2],"this":[3,25],"paper":[4],"is":[5,9,41,51,111,144],"going":[6],"to":[7,11,86],"solve":[8],"how":[10],"determine":[12],"the":[13,43,46,58,63,70,75,83,88,91,95,98,103,107,114,134,138,142,152],"optimal":[14,108],"number":[15,149],"of":[16,45,66,90],"dimension":[17,110,139,148],"when":[18,150],"using":[19],"dimensionality":[20,78],"reduction":[21],"methods,":[22],"and":[23,61,73,101,127,133],"in":[24,49,53,69,74,97,102],"paper,":[26],"we":[27,56,81],"mainly":[28],"use":[29,82],"local":[30],"linear":[31],"embedding":[32],"(LLE)":[33],"method":[34,143],"as":[35],"example.":[36],"2)":[37],"solution":[39],"proposed":[40],"on":[42],"condition":[44],"parameter":[47,59],"k":[48],"LLE":[50],"set":[52],"advance.":[54],"Firstly,":[55],"select":[57],"k,":[60],"compute":[62,87],"distance":[64,92],"matrix":[65,93],"each":[67],"feature":[68],"source":[71],"data":[72,76,100],"after":[77],"reduction.":[79],"Then,":[80],"Log-Euclidean":[84,116],"metric":[85],"divergence":[89],"between":[94],"features":[96],"original":[99],"low-dimensional":[104],"data.":[105],"Finally,":[106],"low":[109],"determined":[112],"by":[113,123,141],"minimum":[115],"metric.":[117],"3)":[118],"performances":[120],"are":[121],"verified":[122],"a":[124,128],"public":[125],"dataset":[126,131],"handwritten":[129],"digit":[130],"experiments":[132],"results":[135],"show":[136],"that":[137],"found":[140],"better":[145],"than":[146],"other":[147],"classifying":[151],"dataset.":[153]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-22T06:01:30.510260","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}