{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2163117691","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/jai-2011-016","title":"How to Construct More Accurate Student Models: Comparing and Optimizing Knowledge Tracing and Performance Factor Analysis","display_name":"How to Construct More Accurate Student Models: Comparing and Optimizing Knowledge Tracing and Performance Factor Analysis","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2163117691","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/jai-2011-016","mag":"2163117691"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/jai-2011-016","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/jai-2011-016","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S171267539","display_name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","issn_l":"1560-4292","issn":["1560-4292","1560-4306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102892037","display_name":"Yue Gong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107077323","display_name":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05ejpqr48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yue Gong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA. ygong@wpi.edu","Computer Science Dept., Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA. ygong@wpi.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Dept., Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108513197","display_name":"Joseph E. Beck","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107077323","display_name":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05ejpqr48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph E. Beck","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA. ygong@wpi.edu","Computer Science Dept., Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA. ygong@wpi.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Dept., Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078998782","display_name":"Neil T. Heffernan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3280-288X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107077323","display_name":"Worcester Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05ejpqr48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neil T. Heffernan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA. ygong@wpi.edu","Computer Science Dept., Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA. ygong@wpi.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Dept., Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102892037"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107077323"],"apc_list":{"value":2190,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2790},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.5515,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":64,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97663023,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"1-2","first_page":"27","last_page":"46"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9901999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10906","display_name":"AI-based Problem Solving and Planning","score":0.9593999981880188,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct","display_name":"Construct (python library)","score":0.7418950796127319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracing","display_name":"Tracing","score":0.6558818817138672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5828680992126465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/factor","display_name":"Factor (programming language)","score":0.5027971267700195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.11413553357124329}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.7418950796127319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138673069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322229","display_name":"Tracing","level":2,"score":0.6558818817138672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5828680992126465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781039887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1391724","display_name":"Factor (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5027971267700195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.11413553357124329}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3233/jai-2011-016","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/jai-2011-016","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S171267539","display_name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","issn_l":"1560-4292","issn":["1560-4292","1560-4306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8600000143051147,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W11622959","https://openalex.org/W29994097","https://openalex.org/W99120435","https://openalex.org/W157663540","https://openalex.org/W1479696285","https://openalex.org/W1496991815","https://openalex.org/W1510397660","https://openalex.org/W1528614120","https://openalex.org/W1550283970","https://openalex.org/W1554125236","https://openalex.org/W1562092080","https://openalex.org/W1566530112","https://openalex.org/W1572737686","https://openalex.org/W1589525026","https://openalex.org/W1593700574","https://openalex.org/W1596401170","https://openalex.org/W1597703949","https://openalex.org/W1601596542","https://openalex.org/W1605744986","https://openalex.org/W1985690171","https://openalex.org/W2015040676","https://openalex.org/W2066816090","https://openalex.org/W2097424976","https://openalex.org/W2112564774","https://openalex.org/W2117122404","https://openalex.org/W2156523753","https://openalex.org/W2162929365","https://openalex.org/W2243629635","https://openalex.org/W2398788994","https://openalex.org/W2579624057"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2366107444","https://openalex.org/W4388145910","https://openalex.org/W2381570729","https://openalex.org/W1976205134","https://openalex.org/W4248336175","https://openalex.org/W2031260042","https://openalex.org/W3113796245"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Student":[0],"modeling":[1],"is":[2,17,137,141,147,177,185,228],"a":[3,8,19,70,78,113,142,165,218],"fundamental":[4],"concept":[5],"applicable":[6],"to":[7,26,80,96],"variety":[9],"of":[10,21,62,72,115,161,210,221],"intelligent":[11],"tutoring":[12],"systems":[13],"(ITS).":[14],"However,":[15],"there":[16,146],"not":[18],"lot":[20],"practical":[22],"guidance":[23],"on":[24,53,131],"how":[25],"construct":[27],"and":[28,43,68,194,208],"train":[29],"such":[30],"models.":[31],"This":[32],"paper":[33],"compares":[34],"two":[35],"approaches":[36],"for":[37,65,75,174,201],"student":[38,55],"modeling,":[39],"Knowledge":[40],"Tracing":[41],"(KT)":[42],"Performance":[44],"Factors":[45],"Analysis":[46],"(PFA),":[47],"by":[48],"evaluating":[49],"their":[50],"predictive":[51,90,199],"accuracy":[52,91,200],"individual":[54],"practice":[56],"opportunities.":[57],"We":[58,188],"explore":[59],"the":[60,119,158,168,178,211],"space":[61],"design":[63],"decisions":[64],"each":[66],"approach":[67],"find":[69,84],"set":[71],"\u201cbest":[73],"practices\u201d":[74],"each.":[76],"In":[77,94],"head":[79,81],"comparison,":[82],"we":[83,100],"that":[85,102,117,123,138,152,181,191],"PFA":[86,116,195],"has":[87],"considerably":[88],"higher":[89],"than":[92,157],"KT.":[93],"addition":[95],"being":[97],"more":[98,107,156],"accurate,":[99],"found":[101,190],"PFA's":[103],"parameter":[104],"estimates":[105],"were":[106],"plausible.":[108],"Our":[109],"best-performing":[110],"model":[111,180],"was":[112],"variant":[114],"ignored":[118],"tutor's":[120],"transfer":[121,169,179],"model;":[122],"is,":[124],"it":[125],"assumed":[126],"all":[127,132],"skills":[128,162],"influenced":[129],"performance":[130],"problems.":[133],"One":[134],"possible":[135],"implication":[136],"this":[139,175],"result":[140,176],"general":[143],"one":[144],"suggesting":[145],"benefit":[148],"from":[149,155],"considering":[150],"models":[151],"incorporate":[153],"information":[154],"typical":[159],"handful":[160],"associated":[163],"with":[164],"problem":[166],"in":[167],"model.":[170],"Alternately,":[171],"an":[172],"explanation":[173],"our":[182],"tutor":[183],"uses":[184],"particularly":[186],"weak.":[187],"also":[189],"both":[192],"KT":[193],"have":[196],"relatively":[197],"low":[198],"cases":[202],"where":[203],"students":[204,224],"generate":[205],"incorrect":[206],"responses,":[207],"2/3":[209],"model's":[212],"errors":[213],"are":[214],"false":[215],"positives,":[216],"indicating":[217],"better":[219],"means":[220],"determining":[222],"when":[223],"will":[225],"make":[226],"mistakes":[227],"needed.":[229]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
