{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1702105379","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/jai-130029","title":"Experimental Evaluation of Automatic Hint Generation for a Logic Tutor","display_name":"Experimental Evaluation of Automatic Hint Generation for a Logic Tutor","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1702105379","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/jai-130029","mag":"1702105379"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/jai-130029","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/jai-130029","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S171267539","display_name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","issn_l":"1560-4292","issn":["1560-4292","1560-4306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060576109","display_name":"John Stamper","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2291-1468"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128676","display_name":"Human Computer Interaction (Switzerland)","ror":"https://ror.org/036dv6j71","country_code":"CH","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128676"]}],"countries":["CH","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"John Stamper","raw_affiliation_strings":["Human-Computer Interaction Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. john@stamper.org","Human-Computer Institute, Carnegie Mellon University#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Human-Computer Interaction Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. john@stamper.org","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128676"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Human-Computer Institute, Carnegie Mellon University#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063296546","display_name":"Michael Eagle","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2263-0156"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102149020","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Charlotte","ror":"https://ror.org/04dawnj30","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102149020"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128676","display_name":"Human Computer Interaction (Switzerland)","ror":"https://ror.org/036dv6j71","country_code":"CH","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128676"]}],"countries":["CH","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Eagle","raw_affiliation_strings":["Human-Computer Interaction Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. john@stamper.org","Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Human-Computer Interaction Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. john@stamper.org","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128676"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102149020"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083076004","display_name":"Tiffany Barnes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6500-9976"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102149020","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Charlotte","ror":"https://ror.org/04dawnj30","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102149020"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128676","display_name":"Human Computer Interaction (Switzerland)","ror":"https://ror.org/036dv6j71","country_code":"CH","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128676"]}],"countries":["CH","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tiffany Barnes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Human-Computer Interaction Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. john@stamper.org","Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Human-Computer Interaction Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. john@stamper.org","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128676"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102149020"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025798449","display_name":"Marvin J. Croy","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128676","display_name":"Human Computer Interaction (Switzerland)","ror":"https://ror.org/036dv6j71","country_code":"CH","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128676"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102149020","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Charlotte","ror":"https://ror.org/04dawnj30","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102149020"]}],"countries":["CH","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marvin Croy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Human-Computer Interaction Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. john@stamper.org","Department of Philosophy, University of North Carolina at Charlotte"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Human-Computer Interaction Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. john@stamper.org","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128676"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Philosophy, University of North Carolina at Charlotte","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102149020"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5060576109"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128676","https://openalex.org/I74973139"],"apc_list":{"value":2190,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2790},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":18.2749,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":103,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99212994,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"1-2","first_page":"3","last_page":"17"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9927999973297119,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10636","display_name":"Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods","score":0.9818000197410583,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tutor","display_name":"TUTOR","score":0.8287969827651978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5835605263710022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.34552332758903503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.3143594264984131}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778371403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7672049","display_name":"TUTOR","level":2,"score":0.8287969827651978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5835605263710022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.34552332758903503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.3143594264984131}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3233/jai-130029","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/jai-130029","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S171267539","display_name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","issn_l":"1560-4292","issn":["1560-4292","1560-4306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8600000143051147,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W164716849","https://openalex.org/W166480880","https://openalex.org/W183173153","https://openalex.org/W194578403","https://openalex.org/W194843041","https://openalex.org/W278209763","https://openalex.org/W1514405275","https://openalex.org/W1515851193","https://openalex.org/W1569653074","https://openalex.org/W1570348318","https://openalex.org/W1591562680","https://openalex.org/W1593700574","https://openalex.org/W1635484354","https://openalex.org/W1765030997","https://openalex.org/W1781237739","https://openalex.org/W1788054970","https://openalex.org/W1858868033","https://openalex.org/W1861448938","https://openalex.org/W2021843567","https://openalex.org/W2069105008","https://openalex.org/W2099273059","https://openalex.org/W2112038415","https://openalex.org/W2115585131","https://openalex.org/W2121863487","https://openalex.org/W2135995390","https://openalex.org/W2136208491","https://openalex.org/W2164638355","https://openalex.org/W2196725398","https://openalex.org/W2398817920"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2478195092","https://openalex.org/W4312351362","https://openalex.org/W2362145073","https://openalex.org/W2358338760","https://openalex.org/W183073912","https://openalex.org/W2119729863","https://openalex.org/W2887971028"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,24],"have":[1],"augmented":[2,102],"the":[3,26,29,76,82,96,120,130,137],"Deep":[4],"Thought":[5],"logic":[6,53,68,100,112],"tutor":[7,69,77,101],"with":[8,70,103],"a":[9,39,51,67,99,126],"Hint":[10,30],"Factory":[11],"that":[12,43,45,93],"generates":[13],"data-driven,":[14],"context-specific":[15],"hints":[16,34,46,106],"for":[17,81],"an":[18],"existing":[19],"computer":[20],"aided":[21],"instructional":[22],"tool.":[23],"investigate":[25],"impact":[27,83],"of":[28,84],"Factory's":[31],"automatically":[32,104],"generated":[33,105],"on":[35,87,125],"educational":[36],"outcomes":[37],"in":[38,50,95,136],"switching":[40],"replications":[41],"experiment":[42],"shows":[44],"help":[47],"students":[48,94],"persist":[49],"deductive":[52],"proofs":[54],"tutor.":[55],"Three":[56],"instructors":[57,86],"taught":[58],"two":[59],"semester-long":[60],"courses,":[61],"each":[62],"teaching":[63],"one":[64,73],"semester":[65,74],"using":[66,75,98],"hints,":[71,79],"and":[72,108,132],"without":[78],"controlling":[80],"different":[85],"course":[88],"outcomes.":[89],"Our":[90],"results":[91],"show":[92],"courses":[97],"attempted":[107],"completed":[109],"significantly":[110,123],"more":[111],"proof":[113],"problems,":[114],"were":[115],"less":[116],"likely":[117],"to":[118],"abandon":[119],"tutor,":[121,131],"performed":[122],"better":[124],"post-test":[127],"implemented":[128],"within":[129],"achieved":[133],"higher":[134],"grades":[135],"course.":[138]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}