{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1511792942","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/jai-130025","title":"Inducing and Tracking Confusion with Contradictions during Complex Learning","display_name":"Inducing and Tracking Confusion with Contradictions during Complex Learning","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1511792942","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/jai-130025","mag":"1511792942"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/jai-130025","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/jai-130025","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S171267539","display_name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","issn_l":"1560-4292","issn":["1560-4292","1560-4306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026292394","display_name":"Blair Lehman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4091-0688"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94658018","display_name":"University of Memphis","ror":"https://ror.org/01cq23130","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94658018"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Blair Lehman","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA","University of Memphis , Memphis , TN , USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94658018"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Memphis , Memphis , TN , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94658018"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008316506","display_name":"Sidney K. D\u2019Mello","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0347-2807"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94658018","display_name":"University of Memphis","ror":"https://ror.org/01cq23130","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94658018"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107639228","display_name":"University of Notre Dame","ror":"https://ror.org/00mkhxb43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sidney D'Mello","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA","University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, USA, [email\u00a0protected]#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94658018"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, USA, [email\u00a0protected]#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070033049","display_name":"Amber Chauncey Strain","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94658018","display_name":"University of Memphis","ror":"https://ror.org/01cq23130","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94658018"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amber Strain","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA","University of Memphis , Memphis , TN , USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94658018"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Memphis , Memphis , TN , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94658018"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028763816","display_name":"Caitlin Mills","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4498-0496"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94658018","display_name":"University of Memphis","ror":"https://ror.org/01cq23130","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94658018"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107639228","display_name":"University of Notre Dame","ror":"https://ror.org/00mkhxb43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Caitlin Mills","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA","University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94658018"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054946713","display_name":"Melissa Gross","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0771-0350"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94658018","display_name":"University of Memphis","ror":"https://ror.org/01cq23130","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94658018"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Melissa Gross","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA","University of Memphis , Memphis , TN , USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94658018"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Memphis , Memphis , TN , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94658018"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012016056","display_name":"Allyson Dobbins","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94658018","display_name":"University of Memphis","ror":"https://ror.org/01cq23130","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94658018"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Allyson Dobbins","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA","University of Memphis , Memphis , TN , USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94658018"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Memphis , Memphis , TN , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94658018"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010447042","display_name":"Patricia Wallace","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1786-2750"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94658018","display_name":"University of Memphis","ror":"https://ror.org/01cq23130","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94658018"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102502594","display_name":"Northern Illinois University","ror":"https://ror.org/012wxa772","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102502594"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patricia Wallace","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA","[Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94658018"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102502594"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003607531","display_name":"Keith Millis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7639-6484"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102502594","display_name":"Northern Illinois University","ror":"https://ror.org/012wxa772","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102502594"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94658018","display_name":"University of Memphis","ror":"https://ror.org/01cq23130","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94658018"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keith Millis","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA","[Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94658018"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102502594"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111992632","display_name":"Art Graesser","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94658018","display_name":"University of Memphis","ror":"https://ror.org/01cq23130","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94658018"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Art Graesser","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA","University of Memphis , Memphis , TN , USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94658018"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Memphis , Memphis , TN , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94658018"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026292394"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94658018"],"apc_list":{"value":2190,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2790},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.7324,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":57,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96412862,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"1-2","first_page":"85","last_page":"105"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11902","display_name":"Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Adaptive Learning","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14394","display_name":"Cognitive Science and Education Research","score":0.9659000039100647,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10636","display_name":"Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods","score":0.9609000086784363,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confusion","display_name":"Confusion","score":0.8574684858322144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.6617501974105835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.428104043006897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3504168391227722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.341044157743454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-science","display_name":"Cognitive science","score":0.3345007002353668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.1845570206642151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychoanalysis","display_name":"Psychoanalysis","score":0.14812228083610535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedagogy","display_name":"Pedagogy","score":0.0617312490940094}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781140086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q557945","display_name":"Confusion","level":2,"score":0.8574684858322144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.6617501974105835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.428104043006897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3504168391227722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.341044157743454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.3345007002353668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.1845570206642151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11171543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41630","display_name":"Psychoanalysis","level":1,"score":0.14812228083610535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0617312490940094}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3233/jai-130025","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/jai-130025","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S171267539","display_name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","issn_l":"1560-4292","issn":["1560-4292","1560-4306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5199999809265137,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W120318412","https://openalex.org/W145497182","https://openalex.org/W320875191","https://openalex.org/W1516591325","https://openalex.org/W1519112897","https://openalex.org/W1530582295","https://openalex.org/W1530785623","https://openalex.org/W1533193374","https://openalex.org/W1570599643","https://openalex.org/W1577760555","https://openalex.org/W1585493314","https://openalex.org/W1587094587","https://openalex.org/W1825590721","https://openalex.org/W1929610448","https://openalex.org/W1964716415","https://openalex.org/W1966114254","https://openalex.org/W1971110798","https://openalex.org/W2009936685","https://openalex.org/W2013811491","https://openalex.org/W2021474171","https://openalex.org/W2025841702","https://openalex.org/W2030377075","https://openalex.org/W2042231673","https://openalex.org/W2051827833","https://openalex.org/W2057491235","https://openalex.org/W2058064543","https://openalex.org/W2061319836","https://openalex.org/W2064430731","https://openalex.org/W2077988938","https://openalex.org/W2080673930","https://openalex.org/W2090902142","https://openalex.org/W2102955996","https://openalex.org/W2115612165","https://openalex.org/W2117342357","https://openalex.org/W2135943618","https://openalex.org/W2148686947","https://openalex.org/W2152318218","https://openalex.org/W2154323213","https://openalex.org/W2166792455","https://openalex.org/W2584014622","https://openalex.org/W2626906451","https://openalex.org/W2731362752","https://openalex.org/W3002626967","https://openalex.org/W3122426846","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2964976023","https://openalex.org/W1982477181","https://openalex.org/W2403083015","https://openalex.org/W4285488523","https://openalex.org/W2011367623","https://openalex.org/W4408384948","https://openalex.org/W2734065904","https://openalex.org/W2027125286"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cognitive":[0],"disequilibrium":[1],"and":[2,43,71,80,86,181],"its":[3],"affiliated":[4],"affective":[5],"state":[6],"of":[7,53,97,111,119,124,144],"confusion":[8,29,54,98,107,122,160],"have":[9],"been":[10,162],"found":[11,140],"to":[12,19,45,92,141,176],"positively":[13],"correlate":[14],"with":[15,68,169,185],"learning,":[16],"presumably":[17],"due":[18],"the":[20,51,83,89,101,109,112],"effortful":[21],"cognitive":[22],"activities":[23],"that":[24,38,100,131],"accompany":[25],"their":[26,94],"experience.":[27],"Although":[28],"naturally":[30],"occurs":[31],"in":[32,56,62,108,154],"several":[33],"learning":[34,47,156,174],"contexts,":[35],"we":[36],"hypothesize":[37],"it":[39],"can":[40],"be":[41,142],"induced":[42,76],"scaffolded":[44],"increase":[46],"opportunities.":[48],"We":[49],"addressed":[50],"possibility":[52],"induction":[55],"a":[57,177],"study":[58],"where":[59],"learners":[60,91,165],"engaged":[61],"trialogues":[63],"on":[64,128],"research":[65],"methods":[66],"concepts":[67],"animated":[69,84],"tutor":[70],"student":[72],"agents.":[73],"Confusion":[74],"was":[75,138],"by":[77],"staging":[78],"disagreements":[79],"contradictions":[81,102,149,170],"between":[82],"agents,":[85],"then":[87],"inviting":[88],"(human)":[90],"provide":[93],"opinions.":[95],"Self-reports":[96],"indicated":[99],"were":[103,132,167],"successful":[104],"at":[105],"inducing":[106],"minds":[110],"learners.":[113],"A":[114],"second,":[115],"more":[116],"objective,":[117],"method":[118],"tracking":[120],"learners'":[121,126,145],"consisted":[123],"analyzing":[125],"performance":[127],"forced-choice":[129],"questions":[130],"embedded":[133],"after":[134],"contradictions.":[135],"This":[136],"measure":[137],"also":[139],"revealing":[143],"underlying":[146],"confusion.":[147],"The":[148],"alone":[150],"did":[151,171],"not":[152],"result":[153],"enhanced":[155],"gains.":[157],"However,":[158],"when":[159],"had":[161],"successfully":[163],"induced,":[164],"who":[166],"presented":[168],"show":[172],"improved":[173],"compared":[175],"no-contradiction":[178],"control.":[179],"Theoretical":[180],"applied":[182],"implications":[183],"along":[184],"possible":[186],"future":[187],"directions":[188],"are":[189],"discussed.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
