{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4256512225","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/ip-180072","title":"The fourth power: ICT and the role of the administrative state in protecting democracy","display_name":"The fourth power: ICT and the role of the administrative state in protecting democracy","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-08-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4256512225","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3233/ip-180072"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/ip-180072","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/ip-180072","pdf_url":"https://content.iospress.com:443/download/information-polity/ip180072?id=information-polity%2Fip180072","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764374723","display_name":"Information Polity","issn_l":"1570-1255","issn":["1570-1255","1875-8754"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information Polity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://content.iospress.com:443/download/information-polity/ip180072?id=information-polity%2Fip180072","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087546798","display_name":"Frank Bannister","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3673-0374"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205274468","display_name":"Trinity College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/02tyrky19","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205274468"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Frank Bannister","raw_affiliation_strings":["Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205274468"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008074581","display_name":"Regina Connolly","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3196-2889"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42934936","display_name":"Dublin City University","ror":"https://ror.org/04a1a1e81","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I42934936"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Regina Connolly","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I42934936"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087546798"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205274468"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.9718,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97521299,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"3","first_page":"307","last_page":"323"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10953","display_name":"E-Government and Public Services","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10953","display_name":"E-Government and Public Services","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10557","display_name":"Social Media and Politics","score":0.9736999869346619,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/democracy","display_name":"Democracy","score":0.7097302675247192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authoritarianism","display_name":"Authoritarianism","score":0.6137509942054749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/politics","display_name":"Politics","score":0.5358162522315979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-economy","display_name":"Political economy","score":0.4962819218635559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disinformation","display_name":"Disinformation","score":0.48461636900901794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.4399809241294861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.42683854699134827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.4258868992328644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-and-communications-technology","display_name":"Information and Communications Technology","score":0.42500174045562744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bureaucracy","display_name":"Bureaucracy","score":0.4249500036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.3390249013900757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.12692618370056152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.10273575782775879}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555826173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7174","display_name":"Democracy","level":3,"score":0.7097302675247192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68346564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6229","display_name":"Authoritarianism","level":4,"score":0.6137509942054749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.5358162522315979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138921699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555","display_name":"Political economy","level":1,"score":0.4962819218635559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776552730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189656","display_name":"Disinformation","level":3,"score":0.48461636900901794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4399809241294861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.42683854699134827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4258868992328644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67363961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5268834","display_name":"Information and Communications Technology","level":2,"score":0.42500174045562744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51575053","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72468","display_name":"Bureaucracy","level":3,"score":0.4249500036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.3390249013900757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.12692618370056152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.10273575782775879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3233/ip-180072","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/ip-180072","pdf_url":"https://content.iospress.com:443/download/information-polity/ip180072?id=information-polity%2Fip180072","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764374723","display_name":"Information Polity","issn_l":"1570-1255","issn":["1570-1255","1875-8754"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information Polity","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3233/ip-180072","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3233/ip-180072","pdf_url":"https://content.iospress.com:443/download/information-polity/ip180072?id=information-polity%2Fip180072","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764374723","display_name":"Information Polity","issn_l":"1570-1255","issn":["1570-1255","1875-8754"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318577","host_organization_name":"IOS Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318577"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOS Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information Polity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7900000214576721,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4256512225.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4256512225.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W438491836","https://openalex.org/W1155124478","https://openalex.org/W1596771353","https://openalex.org/W1781656199","https://openalex.org/W1974666746","https://openalex.org/W1978246774","https://openalex.org/W2003559421","https://openalex.org/W2015628539","https://openalex.org/W2019748951","https://openalex.org/W2030037175","https://openalex.org/W2035819245","https://openalex.org/W2047672419","https://openalex.org/W2066392292","https://openalex.org/W2069080190","https://openalex.org/W2071767289","https://openalex.org/W2082812744","https://openalex.org/W2105307990","https://openalex.org/W2105353054","https://openalex.org/W2110824154","https://openalex.org/W2122119010","https://openalex.org/W2138096326","https://openalex.org/W2147924648","https://openalex.org/W2149705578","https://openalex.org/W2150929043","https://openalex.org/W2497718676","https://openalex.org/W2607777056","https://openalex.org/W2734598204","https://openalex.org/W2739245016","https://openalex.org/W3124468602","https://openalex.org/W3139449248","https://openalex.org/W3149510437","https://openalex.org/W4211044565","https://openalex.org/W4388278059","https://openalex.org/W6604159098","https://openalex.org/W6607438491","https://openalex.org/W6681749929","https://openalex.org/W6791977117","https://openalex.org/W7011862774"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3043508177","https://openalex.org/W4382752644","https://openalex.org/W4309170162","https://openalex.org/W3049488969","https://openalex.org/W4380353675","https://openalex.org/W2043544044","https://openalex.org/W3209170404","https://openalex.org/W2067549128","https://openalex.org/W4226303916","https://openalex.org/W4205257539"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Western":[0],"liberal":[1],"capitalist":[2],"democracy":[3,79,139],"is":[4,54,212,245],"in":[5,34,136,188,197],"trouble.":[6],"In":[7],"many":[8,47],"democratic":[9,141,164],"countries,":[10],"for":[11,272],"the":[12,16,23,30,63,66,73,152,193,198,203,221,233,276],"first":[13],"time":[14],"since":[15],"second":[17],"world":[18],"war,":[19],"nationalism,":[20],"populism":[21],"and":[22,68,77,112,140,155,166,201,260,265,274],"strong":[24],"leader":[25],"who":[26],"can":[27,133,170,191,228],"sort":[28],"out":[29],"problems":[31,100,222],"have":[32,281],"re-emerged":[33],"force.":[35],"Some":[36],"democracies":[37],"seem":[38],"to":[39,42,58,62,121,208,218,249],"be":[40,134,171,270],"reverting":[41],"forms":[43],"of":[44,65,75,89,105,130,138,163,176,195,205,220,237,278],"autocracy":[45],"which":[46,71,116],"thought":[48],"they":[49],"had":[50],"left":[51],"behind.":[52],"ICT":[53,182,186],"a":[55,90,95,128,161,206,216],"contributory":[56],"factor":[57],"this":[59,168],"trend.":[60],"Contrary":[61],"techno-optimism":[64],"1990s":[67],"early":[69],"2000s":[70],"forecast":[72],"emergence":[74],"more":[76,88],"stronger":[78],"underpinned":[80],"by":[81,173],"technological":[82],"developments,":[83],"technology":[84,132,238,268],"increasingly":[85,234],"appears":[86],"as":[87,215,262],"threat":[91],"to,":[92],"rather":[93,184],"than":[94,185],"support":[96],"of,":[97],"democracy.":[98],"Technology-enabled":[99],"include":[101],"fake":[102],"news,":[103],"hacking":[104],"e-mail":[106],"servers,":[107],"hate":[108],"sites,":[109],"Twitter":[110],"storms":[111],"filter":[113],"bubbles":[114],"into":[115],"different":[117],"political":[118],"groups":[119],"retreat":[120],"reinforce":[122],"their":[123],"prejudices.":[124],"This":[125,211],"paper":[126],"proposes":[127],"rethink":[129],"how":[131,267],"deployed":[135],"defence":[137],"values.":[142],"We":[143,178,241],"argue":[144,242],"that":[145,151,167,180,243],"it":[146,227],"has":[147,253],"long":[148],"been":[149,255],"recognised":[150],"administrative":[153],"state":[154,200],"its":[156],"deep":[157],"bureaucratic":[158],"structures":[159],"provide":[160],"degree":[162],"resilience":[165,169],"enhanced":[172],"appropriate":[174],"use":[175],"ICT.":[177],"propose":[179],"prioritising":[181],"interoperability":[183],"integration":[187],"public":[189],"administration":[190],"enhance":[192],"separation":[194],"powers":[196],"modern":[199],"strengthen":[202],"ability":[204],"polity":[207],"resist":[209],"authoritarianism.":[210],"not":[213],"proposed":[214],"solution":[217],"all":[219],"facing":[223],"contemporary":[224],"democracy,":[225],"but":[226],"nonetheless":[229],"contribute":[230],"towards":[231],"countering":[232],"negative":[235],"impact":[236],"on":[239],"politics.":[240],"there":[244],"an":[246],"urgent":[247],"need":[248],"move":[250],"beyond":[251],"what":[252,279],"often":[254],"wishful":[256],"thinking":[257],"about":[258],"e-government":[259],"e-democracy":[261],"transformative":[263],"tools":[264],"consider":[266],"might":[269],"used":[271],"conserving":[273],"protecting":[275],"best":[277],"we":[280],"already":[282],"have.":[283]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}